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Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology (view source)

Revision as of 18:02, 19 February 2011

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For an overview of respiratory infections see [[Respiratory System Inflammation - Pathology|Respiratory system - inflammation]]
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[[Pneumonia Overview]]
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==Pneumonia  - Introduction and Classification==
 
==Pneumonia  - Introduction and Classification==
 
[[Image:Acute fibrinous pneumonia.jpg|right|thumb|150px|<small><center>Acute fibrinous pneumonia (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
 
[[Image:Acute fibrinous pneumonia.jpg|right|thumb|150px|<small><center>Acute fibrinous pneumonia (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
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*Patterns of lung inflammation vary depending on the aetiology, route and method of exposure and multiple host factors including age, general health, and immune status
 
*Patterns of lung inflammation vary depending on the aetiology, route and method of exposure and multiple host factors including age, general health, and immune status
 
**There are five general patterns of pneumonia:  
 
**There are five general patterns of pneumonia:  
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***Bronchopneumonia
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***[[Bronchopneumonia]]
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***Bronchointerstitial pneumonia
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***[[Bronchointerstitial Pneumonia]]
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***Lobar pneumonia
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***[[Lobar Pneumonia]]
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***Interstitial pneumonia
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***[[Interstitial Pneumonia]]
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***Embolic pneumonia
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***[[Embolic Pneumonia]]
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=='''Bronchopneumonia'''==
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[[Category:Pneumonia]]
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=='''[[Bronchopneumonia]]'''==
 
[[Image:Chronic bronchopneumonia.jpg|right|thumb|150px|<small><center>Chronic bronchopneumonia (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
 
[[Image:Chronic bronchopneumonia.jpg|right|thumb|150px|<small><center>Chronic bronchopneumonia (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
 
*Originates and extends from terminal bronchioles
 
*Originates and extends from terminal bronchioles
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**Microscopically - massive exudation of plasma proteins into bronchioles and alveoli
 
**Microscopically - massive exudation of plasma proteins into bronchioles and alveoli
 
**Rarely resolves completely, leaves scars - pulmonary fibrosis and [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology#Pleuritis|pleural adhesions]]
 
**Rarely resolves completely, leaves scars - pulmonary fibrosis and [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology#Pleuritis|pleural adhesions]]
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[[Category:Pneumonia]]
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=='''Bronchointerstitial pneumonia'''==
 
=='''Bronchointerstitial pneumonia'''==
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*Inhaled mycoplasmas and some viruses
 
*Inhaled mycoplasmas and some viruses
 
*Initial inflammatory reaction occurring in the bronchioles, but its main expression being an interstitial lymphocytic proliferation, often to the extent of forming complete lymphoid  follicles around the airways - a cell-mediated response to chronic persistent antigenic challenge
 
*Initial inflammatory reaction occurring in the bronchioles, but its main expression being an interstitial lymphocytic proliferation, often to the extent of forming complete lymphoid  follicles around the airways - a cell-mediated response to chronic persistent antigenic challenge
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[[Category:Pneumonia]]
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=='''Lobar pneumonia'''==
 
=='''Lobar pneumonia'''==
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**Gut contents in aspiration
 
**Gut contents in aspiration
 
*Sequel: commonly death, in survival fibrosis of the affected areas, pleuritis
 
*Sequel: commonly death, in survival fibrosis of the affected areas, pleuritis
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[[Category:Pneumonia]]
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=='''Interstitial pneumonia'''==
 
=='''Interstitial pneumonia'''==
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*Chronic interstitial pneumonia progresses to fibrosis
 
*Chronic interstitial pneumonia progresses to fibrosis
 
**Sometimes called '''pneumonitis'''
 
**Sometimes called '''pneumonitis'''
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[[Category:Pneumonia]]
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=='''Embolic pneumonia'''==
 
=='''Embolic pneumonia'''==
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*No orientation around airways and can be in '''any''' lung region but most often affects '''caudal lobes'''  
 
*No orientation around airways and can be in '''any''' lung region but most often affects '''caudal lobes'''  
 
*The inflammation is oriented '''around blood vessels''', usually venules or alveolar capillaries in which septic emboli localise
 
*The inflammation is oriented '''around blood vessels''', usually venules or alveolar capillaries in which septic emboli localise
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[[Category:Pneumonia]]
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=='''Granulomatous pneumonia'''==
 
=='''Granulomatous pneumonia'''==
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*Caused by agents resistant to phagocytosis, mostly [[Respiratory Fungal Infections - Pathology#Blastomycosis|fungi]], [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Tuberculosis|''Mycobacterium bovis'']], [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Rhodococcus equi|''Rhodococcus equi'']], foreign material, [[Feline Infectious Peritonitis|FIP]]
 
*Caused by agents resistant to phagocytosis, mostly [[Respiratory Fungal Infections - Pathology#Blastomycosis|fungi]], [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Tuberculosis|''Mycobacterium bovis'']], [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Rhodococcus equi|''Rhodococcus equi'']], foreign material, [[Feline Infectious Peritonitis|FIP]]
 
*Micro: centre of necrotic tissue surrounded by macrophages, connective tissue and lymphocytes
 
*Micro: centre of necrotic tissue surrounded by macrophages, connective tissue and lymphocytes
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[[Category:Pneumonia]]
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=='''Verminous pneumonia'''==
 
=='''Verminous pneumonia'''==
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*May be infiltrate of eosinophils in pulmonary interstitium and bronchoalveolar spaces
 
*May be infiltrate of eosinophils in pulmonary interstitium and bronchoalveolar spaces
 
*[[Atelectasis|Atelectasis]] and [[Pulmonary Emphysema|emphysema]] may result due to obstruction
 
*[[Atelectasis|Atelectasis]] and [[Pulmonary Emphysema|emphysema]] may result due to obstruction
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[[Category:Pneumonia]]
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=Stages of pneumonia=
 
=Stages of pneumonia=
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**'''Repair phase'''
 
**'''Repair phase'''
 
***Resolution of pneumonia is accomplished by transformation of type II cells to type I cells
 
***Resolution of pneumonia is accomplished by transformation of type II cells to type I cells
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=Pulmonary abscesses=
 
=Pulmonary abscesses=
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='''Other forms of pneumonia'''=
 
='''Other forms of pneumonia'''=
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===Aspiration pneumonia===
 
===Aspiration pneumonia===
 
[[Image:Acute necrotising pneumonia.jpg|right|thumb|150px|<small><center>Acute necrotising pneumonia (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
 
[[Image:Acute necrotising pneumonia.jpg|right|thumb|150px|<small><center>Acute necrotising pneumonia (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
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**In chronic cases -> [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Bronchopneumonia|bronchopneumonia]]
 
**In chronic cases -> [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Bronchopneumonia|bronchopneumonia]]
 
**Common sequel to [[Myasthenia Gravis|myasthenia gravis]], [[Megaoesophagus|megaoesophagus]] or [[Persistent Right Aortic Arch|persistent right aortic arch]]
 
**Common sequel to [[Myasthenia Gravis|myasthenia gravis]], [[Megaoesophagus|megaoesophagus]] or [[Persistent Right Aortic Arch|persistent right aortic arch]]
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[[Category:Pneumonia]]
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===Gangrenous pneumonia===
 
===Gangrenous pneumonia===
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*The usual cause is administration of medicines (intended for the oesophagus!) or as a sequel to aspiration pneumonia
 
*The usual cause is administration of medicines (intended for the oesophagus!) or as a sequel to aspiration pneumonia
 
*The dead tissue undergoes liquefactive necrosis forming a cavity which is surrounded by intense hyperaemia and inflammation
 
*The dead tissue undergoes liquefactive necrosis forming a cavity which is surrounded by intense hyperaemia and inflammation
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[[Category:Pneumonia]]
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===Lipid pneumonia===
 
===Lipid pneumonia===
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**Macrophages full of lipid forming foam within alveoli
 
**Macrophages full of lipid forming foam within alveoli
 
**Interstitial lymphocyte and plasma cell infiltration, fibrosis
 
**Interstitial lymphocyte and plasma cell infiltration, fibrosis
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[[Category:Pneumonia]]
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===Uraemic pneumonia===
 
===Uraemic pneumonia===
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*In addition to the oedema, there may also be degeneration and calcification of smooth muscle and connective tissue fibres
 
*In addition to the oedema, there may also be degeneration and calcification of smooth muscle and connective tissue fibres
 
*Lungs do not collapse on opening the thorax in severe cases
 
*Lungs do not collapse on opening the thorax in severe cases
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[[Category:Pneumonia]]
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===Foetal pneumonia===
 
===Foetal pneumonia===
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**Cause [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Bronchointerstitial pneumonia|bronchointerstitial pneumonia]]
 
**Cause [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Bronchointerstitial pneumonia|bronchointerstitial pneumonia]]
 
**E.g.: [[Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis|IBR]], [[Bovine Parainfluenza - 3|PI-3]] and [[Equine Rhinopneumonitis|equine viral rhinopneumonitis]]
 
**E.g.: [[Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis|IBR]], [[Bovine Parainfluenza - 3|PI-3]] and [[Equine Rhinopneumonitis|equine viral rhinopneumonitis]]
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[[Category:Pneumonia]]
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=Test yourself with the Lungs Pathology Flashcards=
 
=Test yourself with the Lungs Pathology Flashcards=
    
[[Lungs_Flashcards_-_Pathology|Lungs Pathology Flashcards]]
 
[[Lungs_Flashcards_-_Pathology|Lungs Pathology Flashcards]]
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