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== Introduction<br> ==
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{{review}}
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== Introduction ==
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[[Image:IBR nasal cavity.jpg|thumb|right|200px|<small><center>IBR in nasal cavity (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
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[[Image:IBR trachea.jpg|thumb|right|200px|<small><center>IBR in trachea (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
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This disease is also known as IBR&nbsp; and is caused by [[Bovine Herpesvirus 1]] through aerosol transmission and close contct of infected animals. It is a highly infectious disease of cattle, causing upper respiratory tract disease. The virus is a herpesvirus, meaning it has the ability to lie latent for a long period of time until reactivated by stress.
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BHV-1 infects the respiratory mucosal epithelial cells (intranuclear inclusion eosinophilic inclusion bodies)from nasal mucosa down to bronchioles, which leads to neutrophilic inflammation of varying severity.<br>
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This disease is also known as '''IBR''' and is caused by [[Bovine Herpesvirus 1]] (BHV-1) through aerosol transmission and close contact of infected animals. It is a highly infectious disease of cattle, causing upper respiratory tract disease. The virus is a [[:Category:Herpesviridae|herpesvirus]], meaning it has the ability to lie latent for a long period of time until reactivated by stress.  
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<br>
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BHV-1 infects the respiratory mucosal epithelial cells (intranuclear eosinophilic inclusion bodies) from nasal mucosa down to bronchioles, which leads to neutrophilic inflammation of varying severity.
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== Clinical Signs<br> ==
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Depending on severity, one will see serous, catarrhal or purulent nasal discharge, sneezing, coughing, dyspnoea and anorexia. There will be a rhinotracheitis that can develop into bronchopneumonia. An increased respiratory rate will also be present. Pregnant cows will also be seen to abort at 5 months or later in gestation.<br>
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== Clinical Signs ==
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Clinical disease most severe in young calves, which can develop mucosal ulcerative lesions in the oesophagus and forestomachs and viraemia with multiorgan infection.&nbsp;
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Depending on severity, one will see serous, catarrhal or purulent nasal discharge, sneezing, coughing, dyspnoea and anorexia. There will be a rhinotracheitis that can develop into [[bronchopneumonia]]. An increased respiratory rate will also be present. Pregnant cows will also be seen to abort at 5 months or later in gestation.
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Clinical disease is most severe in young calves, which can develop mucosal ulcerative lesions in the oesophagus and forestomachs and viraemia with multiorgan infection.
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There is generally a high morbidity with low mortality, but up to 75% mortality if concurrent with [[Bovine Virus Diarrhoea Virus|BVDV]] resulting in meningo-encephalitis.
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Signs can be made more severe by secondary bacterial infection such as [[:Category:Pasteurella and Mannheimia species|Pasteurella]] or [[:Category:Mycoplasmas|Mycoplasma]].
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There is generally a high morbidity with low mortality, but up to 75% mortality if concurrent with [[Bovine Virus Diarrhoea Virus|BVDV]], caused by meningo-encephalitis. Signs can be made more severe by secondary bacterial infection such as Pasturella or Mycoplasma.
      
== Diagnosis ==
 
== Diagnosis ==
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Clinical signs are suggestive. Definitive diagnosis can be achieved by virus isolation and immunofluorescence.  
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Clinical signs are suggestive. Definitive diagnosis can be achieved by virus isolation and [[immunofluorescence]].  
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On microscopic examination of infected tissue, one will see intrnuclear inclusion bodies, which are indicative of the virus.<br>
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On microscopic examination of infected tissue, one will see intranuclear inclusion bodies, which are indicative of the virus.
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== Control  ==
 
== Control  ==
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'''Vaccination '''is avaliable and commonly used in the UK. Both vaccines avaliable in the UK are given intranasally and neither protect against re-infection when given during clinical outbreak, but can lessen the severity of the disease. There are also '''Inactivated''' vaccines: intranasal/intramuscular administration, which have a&nbsp;gE deletion making this a '''marker vaccine'''. There is an&nbsp;ELISA for gE deletion, which can enable culling of carrier animals.&nbsp;IPV has mostly been made obsolete by AI
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'''[[Vaccines|Vaccination]] '''is available and commonly used in the UK. Both vaccines available in the UK are given intranasally and neither protects against re-infection when given during clinical outbreak, but can lessen the severity of the disease. There are also '''inactivated''' vaccines: intranasal/intramuscular administration, which have a gE deletion making this a '''marker vaccine'''. There is an ELISA for gE deletion, which can enable culling of carrier animals.  
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== References ==
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<br>
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Andrews, A.H, Blowey, R.W, Boyd, H and Eddy, R.G. (2004) Bovine Medicine (Second edition), Blackwell Publishing
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== References<br> ==
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Divers, T.J. and Peek, S.F. (2008) Rebhun's diseases of dairy cattle, Elsevier Health Scieneces
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[[Image:IBR nasal cavity.jpg|thumb|right|100px|<small><center>IBR in nasal cavity (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]] [[Image:IBR trachea.jpg|thumb|right|100px|<small><center>IBR in trachea (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
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Radostits, O.M, Arundel, J.H, and Gay, C.C. (2000) Veterinary Medicine: a textbook of the diseases of cattle, sheep, pigs, goats and horses, Elsevier Health Sciences
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Andrews, A.H, Blowey, R.W, Boyd, H and Eddy, R.G. (2004) Bovine Medicine (Second edition), Blackwell Publishing<br>Divers, T.J. and Peek, S.F. (2008) Rebhun's diseases of dairy cattle Elsevier Health Scieneces<br>Radostits, O.M, Arundel, J.H, and Gay, C.C. (2000) Veterinary Medicine: a textbook of the diseases of cattle, sheep, pigs, goats and horses Elsevier Health Sciences<br> <br><br>
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[[Category:Respiratory_Diseases_-_Cattle]] [[Category:To_Do_-_Review]] [[Category:Respiratory_Viral_Infections]]
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[[Category:Respiratory_Diseases_-_Cattle]] [[Category:Expert_Review - Farm Animal]] [[Category:Respiratory_Viral_Infections]]
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