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Bovine Adenovirus (view source)

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*[[Rhinitis#Infectious causes of rhinitis|Rhinitis]]
 
*[[Rhinitis#Infectious causes of rhinitis|Rhinitis]]
 
*May contribute to [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of calves|Enzootic pneumonia of calves]]
 
*May contribute to [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of calves|Enzootic pneumonia of calves]]
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Virus info below references of diseases info
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Animal Health and Production Compendium
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Selected sections for: bovine adenoviruses infections
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Identity      Pathogen/s      Overview      Distribution      Distribution Table      Hosts/Species Affected      Host Animals    Systems Affected      List of Symptoms/Signs      Epidemiology      Zoonoses and Food Safety      Pathology      Diagnosis    Disease Course      Disease Treatment      Prevention and Control      References      Images     
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Datasheet Type(s): Animal Disease
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Identity
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Preferred Scientific Name
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bovine adenoviruses infections
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International Common Names
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English
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adenovirus infection in ruminants
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Pathogen/s
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bovine adenoviruses
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Overview
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Rowe et al. (1953) isolated a new virus from cultures of human adenoids. The currently accepted name, "adenovirus", was proposed for this group of viruses by Enders et al. (1956). The family Adenoviridae now comprises a well-defined group of viruses with wide distribution in nature. Adenovirus types are defined based on the species of origin of the virus and quantitative neutralization assays with antisera prepared in non-host species. The family Adenoviridae is currently divided into three genera, Mastadenovirus, Aviadenovirus, and Atadenovirus (Benkö et al., 2000).
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Klein et al. (1959) reported the first isolation of a bovine adenovirus (BAdV). Bovine adenoviruses have been isolated from healthy cattle, but more often, the isolations are associated with some form of clinical disease. The preponderance of isolations from cattle with clinical disease is because this is the type sample submitted to diagnostic laboratories. Most adenovirus infections in cattle involve either the respiratory or gastrointestinal tracts. In addition there have been reports of adenovirus associated with conjunctivitis, keratoconjunctivitis, and weak calf syndrome. Currently the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses recognizes 10 types in cattle (Benkö et al., 2000). Strain Rus is being evaluated as a potential new type (Zakharchuk et al., 1993). The table shows prototype strains and origin.
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Serotype
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Strain
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Reference
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BAdV-1
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No. 10
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Klein et al., 1959
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BAdV-2
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No. 19
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Klein et al., 1960
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BAdV-3
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WBR 1
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Darbyshire et al., 1965a
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BAdV-4
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THT/62
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Bartha and Áldásy, 1966
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BAdV-5
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B4/65
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Bartha and Áldásy, 1966
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BAdV-6
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671130
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Rondhuis, 1968
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BAdV-7
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Fukuroi
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Inaba et al., 1968
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BAdV-8
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Misk/67
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Bartha et al., 1970
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(BAdV-9)
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Sofia 4/67
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Guenov et al., 1970
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BAdV-10
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78-5371
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Horner et al., 1989
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(BAdV-11)
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Rus
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Zakharchuk et al., 1993
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BAdVs were originally divided into two groups based on cultural and antigenic characteristics by Bartha (1969). Subgroup 1 contained BAdV 1, 2, and 3 with similarities to human and other mammalian adenoviruses. Subgroup 2 contained the atypical BAdV 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 that could not replicate in kidney epithelial cells, produced noticeably different nuclear inclusion bodies, and lacked the common complement-fixing antigen found in members of the genus Mastadenovirus. Division was further supported after genomic analysis demonstrated marked differences in the two groups. The subgroup 1 BAdVs (BAdV-1 through -3 and -9) are members of the genus Mastadenovirus and the subgroup 2 BAdVs (BAdV-4 through -8) have been recently assigned to a proposed new Atadenovirus genus within the family Adenoviridae(Benkö and Harrach 1998; Benkö et al, 2000). BAdV 10 does not fit clearly into either genus (Maitz et al., 1998) but, based on genomic analysis, has been assigned to the genus Atadenovirus for now (Benkö et al., 2000).
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Distribution
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Bovine adenoviruses are found worldwide as indicated by either serology or virus isolation. Antibodies to adenoviruses have been demonstrated in sera in virtually every cattle population tested. Serum-virus neutralization tests have been used to detect adenovirus type-specific antibodies, and complement fixation and agar gel immunodiffusion tests have been used to detect the adenovirus group-specific antibody in serological surveys.
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Distribution Table
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Country Distribution Last Reported Origin First Reported Invasive References Notes
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ASIA
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Iran
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Present Afshar, 1969
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Japan
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-Honshu
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Widespread Inaba et al., 1968; Tanaka et al., 1968
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Korea, Republic of
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Present Cho et al., 1985; Choi et al., 1982
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Syria
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Present Giangaspero et al., 1992
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Turkey
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Widespread Burgu & Akca, 1982; Burgu & Toker, 1985; YonguÇ et al., 1988; öztürk & Toker, 1988
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AFRICA
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Congo Democratic Republic
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Present Eyanga et al., 1989
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Egypt
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Present Hafez & Krauss, 1979
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Morocco
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Present Mahin et al., 1985
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Nigeria
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Present Obi & Taylor, 1984
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Somalia
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Present Mani et al., 1978; Agrimi et al., 1982
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Togo
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Present Espinasse et al., 1980
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Zambia
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Present Ghirotti et al., 1991
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Zimbabwe
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Present Baber & Candy, 1981
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NORTH AMERICA
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Canada
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-Ontario
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Present Bulmer et al., 1975; Thompson et al., 1981
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-Quebec
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Present Key & Derbyshire, 1984; Richer et al., 1988
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-Saskatchewan
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Present Orr, 1984
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Mexico
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Present Suzan et al., 1983; Ramírez & Trigo, 1986
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USA
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-Alabama
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Present Rossi et al., 1973
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-California
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Present Lehmkuhl et al., 1999; Bibrack & McKercher, 1971
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-Idaho
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Present Stauber et al., 1976; Stauber et al., 1986
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-Iowa
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Present Lehmkuhl et al., 1975; Lehmkuhl & Gough, 1977; Coria & Lehmkuhl, 1978; Coria & McClurkin, 1978
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-Maryland
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Present Mohanty & Lillie, 1970
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-Minnesota
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Present Reed et al., 1978; Baker et al., 1986a; Baker et al., 1986b
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-Oregon
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Present Mattson, 1973; Mattson & Smith, 1977; Mattson et al., 1988
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-Pennsylvania
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Present Welch & Dellers, 1973
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-South Dakota
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Present Reed et al., 1978; Kirkbride, 1992
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-Tennessee
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Present Lehmkuhl et al., 1998
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-Washington
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Present Stauber et al., 1986
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CENTRAL AMERICA
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Cuba
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Present Nunez & Castell, 1985
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SOUTH AMERICA
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Argentina
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Present Carrillo et al., 1986
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EUROPE
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Austria
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Present Coulibaly, 1990; Pernthaner et al., 1990; Peinhopf et al., 1996; Burki et al., 1978
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Belgium
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Present Mammerickx et al., 1989
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Bulgaria
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Widespread Haralambiev & Azev, 1969
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Croatia
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Present Zupancic et al., 1984; Sabirovic et al., 1987; Sabirovic, 1988
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Czechoslovakia (former)
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Present Novak, 1982; Krpata, 1978
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Denmark
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Present Uttenthal et al., 1996; Tegtmeier et al., 1999
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Finland
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Present Sihvonen & Tuomi, 1978
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Germany
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Widespread Kretzschmar, 1973; Mayr et al., 1970
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Hungary
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Widespread Bartha et al., 1984; Rusvai & Fodor, 1998; Endre, 1999; Bartha & Áldásy, 1966; Bartha et al., 1970
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Ireland
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Present Timoney, 1971
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Italy
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Widespread Cancellotti et al., 1976
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Netherlands
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Present Opdenbosch et al., 1986; Rondhuis, 1968
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Norway
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Present Saxegaard & Bratberg, 1971
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Poland
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Widespread Buczek & Wrzolek-Lobocka, 1977; Majewska et al., 1978
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Romania
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Present Istrate et al., 1983
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Russian Federation
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-Central Russia
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Present Frolov, 1984; Shichkina et al., 1971; Kis, 1977
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-Southern Russia
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Present Zhumabaev et al., 1993; Dreizin et al., 1973
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Switzerland
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Present Läuchli et al., 1990
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United Kingdom
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Widespread Darbyshire et al., 1965b; Darbyshire et al., 1965a; Phillip & Sands, 1972
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OCEANIA
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Australia
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-Queensland
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Present Wilcox, 1969; Wilcox, 1970; Cole, 1970
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New Zealand
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Present Thompson, 1977; Horner et al., 1980
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Hosts/Species Affected
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Adenoviruses are generally confined to one host species or closely related species and are classified on the basis of species of origin and antigenic reactivity. Because bovine adenoviruses or closely related antigenic viruses have been isolated from a variety of other ruminant species (Belák and Palfi, 1974; Davies and Humphreys, 1977; Baber and Candy, 1981; Boros et al., 1985), the potential for infection across species exists among adenovirus isolates from ruminants.
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Host Animals
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Animal name Context
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Bos indicus (zebu)
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Bos taurus (cattle)
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Domesticated host, Experimental settings
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Capra hircus (goats)
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Ovis aries (sheep)
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Domesticated host, Experimental settings
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Systems Affected
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Digestive - Large Ruminants
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Digestive - Small Ruminants
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Multisystem - Large Ruminants
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Nervous - Large Ruminants
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Respiratory - Large Ruminants
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Respiratory - Small Ruminants
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List of Symptoms/Signs
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Sign Life Stages Type
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Digestive Signs
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Melena or occult blood in faeces, stools  Sign [C]
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Anorexia, loss or decreased appetite, not nursing, off feed  C1 ( All Stages ) Sign [C]
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Abdominal distention  Sign [C]
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Dysphagia, difficulty swallowing  C1 ( All Stages ) Sign
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Diarrhoea C1 ( All Stages ) Sign [C]
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Mucous, mucoid stools, faeces  C1 ( All Stages ) Sign
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Bloody stools, faeces, haematochezia  C1 ( All Stages ) Sign [C]
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General Signs
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Intraocular mass, swelling interior of eye  C1 ( All Stages ) Sign
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Generalized weakness, paresis, paralysis  C1 ( All Stages ) Sign [C]
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Reluctant to move, refusal to move  C1 ( All Stages ) Sign
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Fever, pyrexia, hyperthermia  C1 ( All Stages ) Sign [C]
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Lack of growth or weight gain, retarded, stunted growth  C1 ( All Stages ) Sign
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Lymphadenopathy, swelling, mass or enlarged lymph nodes  C1 ( All Stages ) Sign
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Underweight, poor condition, thin, emaciated, unthriftiness, ill thrift  C1 ( All Stages ) Sign
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Inability to stand, downer, prostration  Sign [C]
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Dehydration  Sign [C]
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Sudden death, found dead  Sign [C]
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Nervous Signs
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Dullness, depression, lethargy, depressed, lethargic, listless  C1 ( All Stages ) Sign [C]
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Ophthalmology Signs
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Lacrimation, tearing, serous ocular discharge, watery eyes  C1 ( All Stages ) Sign
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Purulent discharge from eye  C1 ( All Stages ) Sign
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Conjunctival, scleral, redness  C1 ( All Stages ) Sign
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Pain/Discomfort Signs
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Pain, kidney, ureters, on palpation  C1 ( All Stages ) Sign
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Pain, pharynx, larynx, trachea  C1 ( All Stages ) Sign
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Pain, chest, thorax, ribs, sternum  C1 ( All Stages ) Sign
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Reproductive Signs
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Vaginal or cervical ulcers, vesicles, erosions, tears, papules, pustules  C3 ( Heifer ), C4 ( Cow ) Sign
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Abortion or weak newborns, stillbirth  C4 ( Cow ) Sign
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Respiratory Signs
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Decreased, muffled, lung sounds, absent respiratory sounds  C1 ( All Stages ) Sign
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Change in voice, vocal strength  C1 ( All Stages ) Sign
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Dull areas on percussion of chest, thorax  C1 ( All Stages ) Sign
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Haemoptysis coughing up blood  C1 ( All Stages ) Sign
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Abnormal breathing sounds of the upper airway, airflow obstruction, stertor, snoring  C1 ( All Stages ) Sign
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Abnormal lung or pleural sounds, rales, crackles, wheezes, friction rubs  C1 ( All Stages ) Sign
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Decreased respiratory rate  C1 ( All Stages ) Sign
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Sneezing, sneeze  C1 ( All Stages ) Sign
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Coughing, coughs  C1 ( All Stages ) Sign [C]
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Mucoid nasal discharge, serous, watery  C1 ( All Stages ) Sign [C]
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Dyspnea, difficult, open mouth breathing, grunt, gasping  C1 ( All Stages ) Sign [C]
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Increased respiratory rate, polypnea, tachypnea, hyperpnea  C1 ( All Stages ) Sign [C]
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Nasal mucosal ulcers, vesicles, erosions, cuts, tears, papules, pustules  C1 ( All Stages ) Sign
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Purulent nasal discharge  C1 ( All Stages ) Sign
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Epidemiology
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The respiratory and enteric tracts are the primary targets for adenovirus infection. Infection with adenovirus usually results in cell lysis and virus shedding, but some cells accumulate virus particles in the nucleus without lysis establishing persistent infections. Respiratory and faecal shedding usually last for about 10 days and, where the kidney is involved, virus can be excreted for over 10 weeks in urine (Aldásy et al., 1965). With persistent infection, lysis of fragile infected cells produces virus-shedding resulting in infection of susceptible animals that come in contact with the virus.
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Adenovirus infection is common in younger animals. Maternal antibodies provide protection from infection by homologous BAdV types. As specific maternal antibodies wane, calves can become infected if that particular adenovirus type is present in the calf’s environment. Depending on maternal antibody level, virus exposure can result in either a subclinical infection followed by an active antibody response or if the antibody level is high enough, virus replication can be prevented. The incidence of infection with a serotype appears to be high within a geographic area for a period of time and then may virtually disappear from a region when herd immunity reaches a certain level. Because of the number of adenovirus types and the lack of cross protection, newly introduced adenovirus types may emerge as the predominant infecting type.
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Zoonoses and Food Safety
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Because adenoviruses are usually confined to one host species or closely related species, the zoonotic and food safety threat is very low. To date there are no documented cases of clinical disease in humans caused by bovine adenoviruses.
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Pathology
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Gross lesions in cattle are limited primarily to the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts and consist of atelectasis and consolidation of the lungs and erosions, ulcerations and haemorrhage in the intestinal tract. Bronchiolar, mediastinal, and mesenteric lymph nodes are usually enlarged. Depending on adenovirus serotype, either epithelial or epithelial and vascular endothelial cells are the primary targets for viral cytopathology. Microscopically the basic lesion is bronchiolitis with necrosis and sloughing early and hyperplasia later in the course of the infection. Amphophilic, intranuclear inclusions are seen in swollen cells in the respiratory epithelium and sloughed in the lumen. Where the gastrointestinal tract is involved, the basic lesions are fibrinonecrotic plaques overlying foci of haemorrhage and necrosis. Amphophilic intranuclear inclusions are seen in enterocytes as well as in vascular endothelial cells.
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Diagnosis
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Because adenoviruses can be isolated from apparently healthy cattle, isolation of adenoviruses from clinically sick calves does not necessarily mean that the isolated adenovirus type plays an aetiological role in the clinical disease. For adenovirus to be considered as the aetiologic agent in a particular disease, the antibody titre should be low at the onset of the infection and result in at least a four-fold increase in neutralizing antibodies to the virus type in question, either characteristic intranuclear inclusion bodies should be observed in tissues showing gross lesions or presence of viral antigen must be demonstrated by immunohistochemical methods, and finally, virus must be isolated from tissues showing gross lesions at the height of the clinical disease.
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Adenovirus infection can be diagnosed morphometrically, serologically, and by virus isolation. Rapid presumptive diagnosis can be made either by observation of characteristic virus morphology in intranuclear inclusions by transmission electron microscopy or by immunofluorescent or immunohistochemical labeling of adenovirus antigens in tissues with gross lesions. Serotype-specific diagnosis, while not important to the treatment of clinical disease, is important in the development of a database from which to evaluate the role of each viral serotype in disease production. For a serotype to be considered as the aetiologic agent in a clinical syndrome, it must be isolated from many cases with similar clinical syndromes and be capable of reproducing the disease experimentally.
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Because of the number of types of adenoviruses infecting cattle, virus isolation is necessary to definitively identify the virus. Virus can be isolated from nasal secretions, tracheal fluids, intestinal contents and tissue homogenates. Adenoviruses are best-propagated in homologous cell cultures. Low passage bovine fetal cornea, lung, and turbinate cell cultures, are preferred for virus isolation, because these cells will support replication of all known BAdV types. A permanent heteroploid embryonic calf thyroid cell culture has been developed that allows replication of all bovine adenoviruses although at a somewhat lower titre than those obtained on primary calf testicles (Benkö et al., 1989). Primary adenovirus isolation may require sub-passage of the cultures before viral-induced cytopathic effect appears.
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Serologic confirmation of adenovirus infection can be done by demonstrating the presence of adenovirus group-specific antigen by immunofluorescent, immunohistochemical, and complement fixation tests, and by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Reciprocal cross-neutralization tests detect type-specific antigens and further distinguish serotypes. Caution must be exercised when interpreting serum-virus neutralization test results because of demonstrated cross neutralization both among and between adenoviruses isolated from different ruminant species. Molecular characterization of adenovirus using DNA hybridization, restriction endonuclease digestion patterns and polymerase chain reaction has been used for virus identification and classification (Benkö et al., 1988; Benkö et al., 1995; Matiz et al., 1998). Phylogenetic analysis based on the adenovirus protease, hexon and DNA polymerase gene nucleic acid sequences filed with GenBank should make it possible to precisely compare newly isolated adenovirus (Benkö et al., 2000).
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Disease Course
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Adenoviruses infections are frequently inapparent, but may also result in self-limiting disease. Multiple attributes involving host, viral, and husbandry practices influence disease production. Host factors include age and immune status, viral factors include serotype and, possibly, strain of the infecting adenovirus, and husbandry factors include practices causing stress. Infections with currently recognized bovine adenovirus types are usually associated with either pneumonitis or pneumonitis with enteritis (pneumoenteritis). Pneumonitis is usually more prominent and consistent than is enteritis. Clinical disease produced by inoculation of calves with field isolates does not mimic that seen naturally, indicating that the clinical signs and lesions observed naturally result from other superimposed factors such as secondary bacteria and immunosuppression.
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Infection most frequently occurs in calves of 2 weeks to 4 months old but animals of any age can be infected. Colostral antibodies will only protect against the homologous adenovirus types, and infection can occur as antibody wanes. Under natural conditions, the incubation period is probably 5 to 10 days. The serological response to adenovirus infection develops about 7 days after the onset of illness and maximum titres are attained after 3 to 4 weeks. Adenovirus antibody titres decrease little over the life of the animal. Infection by heterologous adenovirus serotypes can result in an anamnestic response for any prior infecting adenoviruses. Fever (39.5 to 41.0°C) usually develops 3 to 5 days after infection, lasting for 2 to 5 days. Respiratory and enteric symptoms usually occur following the onset of the febrile response. Respiratory symptoms include serous excretions (purulent with secondary bacterial infections) from the nose and eyes. Coughing often occurs and can be elicited with exercise or by grasping the trachea. Rapid respiration, anorexia and listlessness are frequent clinical signs. Enteric symptoms may include excessive salivation and loose stools to profuse diarrhoea. With BAdV-10 infection, minimal clinical signs followed by sudden death within 12 to 48 h is common. The prominent clinical sign with BAdV-10 may be severe diarrhoea containing blood and fibrin clots. With uncomplicated infections, clinical improvement is seen after 7 to 9 days.
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Disease Treatment
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When economically feasible, cattle can be treated to provide relief from clinical signs associated with adenoviral infection. Left untreated however, the uncomplicated clinical disease will run its course in seven to 10 days. Because secondary bacterial infections such as Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida and Haemophilus somnus are common in cattle, antibiotics are often used as part of the treatment. Where clinical signs are detected early and treated there are few long-term effects.
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Prevention and Control
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Maternal antibodies provide protection against homologous virus type, thus it is important for calves to get colostrum to provide early protection from adenoviruses that might be in the calve’s environment. As calves loose maternal antibodies, they develop post-infection immunity to the prevalent adenovirus types in their environment. Husbandry conditions where calves are weaned at a young age (stressed) and mixed with calves with varying immune status and unknown adenovirus carrier status should be avoided when possible. Calves weaned at 5 to 6 months of age generally have a decreased susceptibility to adenovirus-induced disease.
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Both modified live and inactivated adenovirus vaccines have been developed and evaluated for use in cattle (Bartha, 1967; Tribe et al., 1969; Bartha, 1974; Bartha, 1975; Haralambiev, 1975; Khristov et al., 1976; Baczynski et al., 1977; Morzaria et al., 1979; Bergamaschi et al., 1981; Becker et al., 1982; Litvinov et al., 1983; Zygraich and Delforge, 1983; Mattson et al., 1987; Pavlov et al., 1987; Wrzolek-Lobocka, 1988b; Belousova, 1989; Nurgaziev and Belousova, 1989; Wrzolek-Lobocka et al., 1990; Deptula et al., 1991; Belousova et al., 1993). It has been difficult to attenuate live vaccines to the point where clinical disease is no longer produced following vaccination. ß-propriolactone- or formalin-inactivated adenoviruses however, elicit excellent antibody response providing immunity to homologous adenovirus. The value of subunit vaccines for bovine adenoviruses has not been fully evaluated (York and Thorsen, 1992). Where vaccines are available for prevailing bovine adenovirus serotypes, they should be administered when maternal antibodies have waned, but 2 to 3 weeks before calves from different places are assembled under stressful conditions.
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Bovine adenovirus vaccines are available in Europe and Japan, but there are no commercial adenovirus vaccines available in the USA. Most vaccines are formulated in combination with other agents. Two to 4 doses of vaccine administered subcutaneously or intramuscularly are recommended to provide proper protection. Vaccination has not eliminated infection entirely, but has resulted in the reduction in disease incidence and treatment costs.
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References
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Adair BM, McKillop ER, Smyth JA, Curran WL, McNulty MS, 1996. Bovine adenovirus type 10: properties of viruses isolated from cases of bovine haemorrhagic enterocolitis. Veterinary Record, 138(11):250-252; 15 ref.
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Afshar A, 1969. The occurrence of precipitating antibodies to bovine adenovirus in sera of farm animals and man in Iran. Veterinary Record, 84(23):571-2.
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Agrimi P, Valente C, Andreani E et al., 1982. Sero-epidemiological studies on groups of various domestic animals in Somalia for bovine leukosis virus (BLV), rotavirus, adenovirus, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBR IPV virus) and parainfluenza-3 virus (PI3). Bollettino Scientifico della Facolta di Zootecnia e Veterinaria, Universita Nazionale Somalia, 3:171-183.
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Áldásy P, Rusvai M, Bartha A, 1965. Pneumo-enteritis in calves caused by adenoviruses. Acta Veterinaria Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 15:167-175.
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Alkan F, 1998. Rapid diagnosis of bovine adenovirus subgroup 1 infections in cattle with acute respiratory disease by a direct immunofluorescence technique. Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, Ankara üniversitesi, 45(1):181-184; 15 ref.
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Baber DJ, Candy JB, 1981. Isolation and characterization of bovine adenoviruses types 3, 4 and 8 from free living African buffaloes (Syncerus caffer). Research in Veterinary Science, 31(1):69-75.
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Images
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Picture Title Caption Copyright
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Pathology Lung from an animal experimentally infected with an adenovirus with large red areas of consolidation in the middle and caudal lobes. NADC, ARS-USDA
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Histopathology Histopathology observed in a calf with a natural adenovirus infection. Note the intranuclear inclusions in a blood vessel epithelial cell (A) and in the epithelial cells of the bronchiole (B). NADC, ARS-USDA
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Date of report: 03/04/2011
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© CAB International 2010
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Animal Health and Production Compendium
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Selected sections for: bovine adenoviruses
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Identity      Taxonomic Tree      Disease/s Table      Distribution Table      Pathogen Characteristics      Host Animals    References      Images     
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Datasheet Type(s): Pathogen
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Identity
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Preferred Scientific Name
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bovine adenoviruses
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Other Scientific Names
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bovine adenovirus serotype 1-10 Benkö et al., 2000
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International Common Names
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English acronym
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BAdV
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English
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bovine adenovirus serotype 1, bovine adenovirus serotype 10, bovine adenovirus serotype 3, bovine adenovirus serotype 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
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Taxonomic Tree
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Domain: Virus
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Group: "dsDNA viruses"
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Group: "DNA viruses"
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Order: Caudovirales
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Family: Adenoviridae
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Genus: Mastadenovirus
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Species: bovine adenoviruses
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Disease/s Table
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bovine adenoviruses infections
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Distribution Table
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Country Distribution Last Reported Origin First Reported Invasive References Notes
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ASIA
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Turkey
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CAB Abstracts data mining CAB ABSTRACTS Data Mining 2001
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NORTH AMERICA
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USA
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CAB Abstracts data mining CAB ABSTRACTS Data Mining 2001
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EUROPE
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United Kingdom
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CAB Abstracts data mining CAB ABSTRACTS Data Mining 2001
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Pathogen Characteristics
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Adenoviruses are intermediate-sized (70-90 nm), unenveloped, icosahedral virions with equi-angular triangular faces with each triangle containing six subunits (capsomeres) per side. Virions have 252 capsomeres, 240 non-vertex (hexon) capsomeres and 12 vertex (penton) capsomeres. The genome consists of linear double-stranded DNA ranging in size from 28 to 38 kilobase pairs. Adenoviruses are resistant to lipid solvents, some are resistant to acid treatment and sensitive to heat treatment. Adenoviruses in cultures are stable at room temperature (20°C) for days, refrigerator temperatures (4°C) for months, and frozen (-85°C) for years.
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Host Animals
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Animal name Context
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Bos taurus (cattle)
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Domesticated host, Experimental settings
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Cervus dama Wild host
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Ovis aries (sheep)
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Domesticated host, Experimental settings
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Syncerus caffer Wild host
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References
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Benko M, Harrach B, Russell WC, 2000. Family Adenoviridae. In: Van Regenmortel MHV, Fauquet CM, Bishop DHL, Carstens EB, Estes MK, Lemon SM, Maniloff J, Mayo MA, McGeoch DJ, Pringle CR, Wickner RB, eds. Virus Taxonomy. Seventh Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. New York, San Diego, USA: Academic Press, 227-238.
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Images
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Picture Title Caption Copyright
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Virus particle Negative stained viral particle with characteristics of the family Adenoviridae. NADC, ARS-USDA
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Date of report: 03/04/2011
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© CAB International 2010
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[[Category:Adenoviridae]][[Category:Cattle Viruses]]
 
[[Category:Adenoviridae]][[Category:Cattle Viruses]]
 
[[Category:To_Do_-_CABI]]
 
[[Category:To_Do_-_CABI]]
 
[[Category:Respiratory_Viral_Infections]]
 
[[Category:Respiratory_Viral_Infections]]
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