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== Synonyms ==
== Synonyms ==
Encephalitic bovine herpesvirus type 5 or type 1 infection in cattle, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, infectious pustular vulvovaginitis,
== Introduction ==
== Introduction ==
Bovine herpesvirus one, produces two diseases; [[Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis]] and [[Infectious Pustular Vulvovaginitis]].
Bovine herpesvirus one, produces two diseases; [[Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis]] and [[Infectious Pustular Vulvovaginitis]].
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Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) is a contagious viral disease of cattle caused by bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1). This virus is also responsible for a genital disease called infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IPV).
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) is a contagious viral disease of cattle caused by bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1). This virus is also responsible for a genital disease called infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IPV) in females and IPB; infectious balantoposthitis which occurs in males.
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BHV-1 is distributed worldwide and has been diagnosed in all countries tested (Straub, 1990). In recent years, a few European countries have successfully eradicated the infection by applying a strict culling policy such as Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Switzerland and Austria (OIE, 2005). Other countries have started similar control programmes.
BHV-1 is distributed worldwide and has been diagnosed in all countries tested (Straub, 1990). In recent years, a few European countries have successfully eradicated the infection by applying a strict culling policy such as Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Switzerland and Austria (OIE, 2005). Other countries have started similar control programmes.
Infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IPV) and infectious pustular balanoposthitis (IPB) is a pustular inflammation which occurs in the male or female genital mucosa, together with a rise in body temperature: up to 41.5°C. The genital mucosa is red and oedematous, and vesicles and pustules evolve into ulcers. The lesions resolve within 1 to 2 weeks (Straub, 1990).
Infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IPV) and infectious pustular balanoposthitis (IPB) is a pustular inflammation which occurs in the male or female genital mucosa, together with a rise in body temperature: up to 41.5°C. The genital mucosa is red and oedematous, and vesicles and pustules evolve into ulcers. The lesions resolve within 1 to 2 weeks (Straub, 1990).
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== Signalment ==
Outbreaks are most often seen in cattle between six and 18 months of age though all ages of cattle are susceptible.
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== Clinical Signs ==
== Clinical Signs ==
Signs of IBR include coughing, serous nasal discharge, tachypnoea and dyspnoea. There may also be signs of increased lacrimation and conjunctival reddening. The animal will usually be pyrexic and be weak, dull and depressed. It will usually have a reduced appetite and may show signs of weight loss. If in milk, the yield will be decreased.
Signs of IBR include coughing, serous nasal discharge, tachypnoea and dyspnoea. There may also be signs of increased lacrimation and a marked conjunctivitis. The animal will usually be pyrexic and be weak, dull and depressed. It will usually have a reduced appetite and may show signs of weight loss. If in milk, the yield will be decreased.
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IBR may cause abortion if susceptible cows or heifers are infected during pregnancy.
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Not all cattle infected with the virus show obvious clinical signs. In the absence of secondary bacterial complications most animals recover from the disease.
Latent infection can occur and infected cattle can shed the virus intermittently.
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In IPV, signs will include pain of the vagina or penis, reluctance to mate, mucous discharge from the vulva or penis and signs of ulcers, vesicles and erosions on the penis or vagina. The animal may be infertile and may abort or produce a stillborn calf.
In IPV, signs will include pain of the vagina or penis, reluctance to mate, mucous discharge from the vulva or penis and signs of ulcers, vesicles and erosions on the penis or vagina. The animal may be infertile and may abort or produce a stillborn calf.