Changes

Until recently, isolation was the only way to confirm the presence of CCPP. Diagnostic systems based on PCR have been developed for the rapid detection, identification and differentiation of members of the ''M. mycoides'' cluster and the specific identification of ''M. capricolum'' subsp. ''capripneumoniae'' (Bashiruddin et al., 1994; Hotzel et al., 1996).

Until recently, isolation was the only way to confirm the presence of CCPP. Diagnostic systems based on PCR have been developed for the rapid detection, identification and differentiation of members of the ''M. mycoides'' cluster and the specific identification of ''M. capricolum'' subsp. ''capripneumoniae'' (Bashiruddin et al., 1994; Hotzel et al., 1996).

   

   

The diagnosis of outbreaks of CCPP is complicated by other infectious agents causing similar syndromes. Pleuropneumonic disease resembling Mccp-associated CCPP can also be produced by ''Mycoplasma mycoides'' subsp. ''capri'' (Mmc) and caprine variants of ''M. mycoides ''subsp.'' mycoides'' (Mmm). Mmc was originally considered to be the cause of CCPP, but its full importance as a pathogen of goats has now become doubtful, both because of the discovery of the Mccp and because many isolates previously classified as Mmc have subsequently been found to be caprine variants of Mmm. Mmc has been isolated from several countries in Africa and Asia, and from Australia. The disease reproduced experimentally with Mmc is largely restricted to the thoracic cavity, with or without a septicaemic phase and death. In contrast, caprine variants of Mmm generally causes a syndrome which may include not only pleuropneumonia but also mastitis, polyarthritis, keratoconjunctivitis, acute septicaemic death, sometimes with symptoms of the central nervous system, and abortion. Mmm is a major cause of disease in goats in USA, France, Israel and India. Experimentally, the disease caused by Mccp differs from that produced by Mmc and Mmm in: being readily contagious and fatal to susceptible goats; not affecting sheep or cattle; not producing local oedematous reactions when injected subcutaneously; and being characterised histo-pathologically by an interstitial, intralobular oedema of the lung, compared with the thickening of the interlobular septa which is seen with Mmc and Mmm (Kaliner and MacOwan 1976). Pasteurella haemolytica (both biotypes A and T) and P. multocida have also been associated with pleuropneumonia in goats, although experimental evidence of their pathogenicity in this host is meagre.  

The diagnosis of outbreaks of CCPP is complicated by other infectious agents causing similar syndromes. Pleuropneumonic disease resembling Mccp-associated CCPP can also be produced by ''Mycoplasma mycoides'' subsp. ''capri'' (Mmc) and caprine variants of ''M. mycoides ''subsp.'' mycoides'' (Mmm). Mmc was originally considered to be the cause of CCPP, but its full importance as a pathogen of goats has now become doubtful, both because of the discovery of the Mccp and because many isolates previously classified as Mmc have subsequently been found to be caprine variants of Mmm. Mmc has been isolated from several countries in Africa and Asia, and from Australia. The disease reproduced experimentally with Mmc is largely restricted to the thoracic cavity, with or without a septicaemic phase and death. In contrast, caprine variants of Mmm generally causes a syndrome which may include not only pleuropneumonia but also mastitis, polyarthritis, keratoconjunctivitis, acute septicaemic death, sometimes with symptoms of the central nervous system, and abortion. Mmm is a major cause of disease in goats in USA, France, Israel and India. Experimentally, the disease caused by Mccp differs from that produced by Mmc and Mmm in: being readily contagious and fatal to susceptible goats; not affecting sheep or cattle; not producing local oedematous reactions when injected subcutaneously; and being characterised histo-pathologically by an interstitial, intralobular oedema of the lung, compared with the thickening of the interlobular septa which is seen with Mmc and Mmm (Kaliner and MacOwan 1976). ''[[Pasteurella haemolytica]]'' (both biotypes A and T) and ''[[Pasteurella multocida|P. multocida]]'' have also been associated with pleuropneumonia in goats, although experimental evidence of their pathogenicity in this host is meagre.

== Treatment and Control ==

== Treatment and Control ==