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|species            = Actinobacillus suis

|species            = Actinobacillus suis

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==Introduction==

==Introduction==

''A.suis'' is a beta-haemolytic Gram-negative bacterium.  Strains of ''A.Suis'' vary due to differences in their lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which is known as the 'O' antigen and is referred to as O1,O2 and O3 and capsules (CPS), called 'K' antigen with variants described as K1, K2 and K3. More than 95% of A. suis clinical isolates are cross-reactive with O1/K1 or O2/K3 antiserum and more severe infection were noted with O2/K2 srain(Slavic et al., 2000).  The bacteria causes Actinobacillosis in [[Actinobacillosis - Pig| pigs]],  [[Actinobacillus equuli| horses]],[[Actinobacillosis - Cattle| cattle]] and can infect [[Actinobacillus suis#signalment| various other species.

''A.suis'' is a beta-haemolytic Gram-negative bacterium.  Strains of ''A.Suis'' vary due to differences in their lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which is known as the 'O' antigen and is referred to as O1,O2 and O3 and capsules (CPS), called 'K' antigen with variants described as K1, K2 and K3. More than 95% of A. suis clinical isolates are cross-reactive with O1/K1 or O2/K3 antiserum and more severe infection were noted with O2/K2 srain <ref name="Slavic et al., 2000">Slavic, D., DeLay, J., Hayes, M.A., MacInnes, J.I.(2000) '''Comparative pathogenicity of different Actinobacillus suis O/K serotypes'''. ''Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research'', 64(2):81-87.</ref>.  The bacteria causes Actinobacillosis in [[Actinobacillosis - Pig| pigs]],  [[Actinobacillus equuli| horses]],[[Actinobacillosis - Cattle| cattle]] and can infect [[Actinobacillus suis#signalment| various other species.

''A.suis'' have genes that encode toxins similar to apxI and apxII of [[Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae| ''A. pleuropneumoniae'']], but they are less virulent.  Once an animal is infected with ''A.suis'' it can provide partial cross protection against ''A. pleuropneumoniae''.  

''A.suis'' have genes that encode toxins similar to apxI and apxII of [[Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae| ''A. pleuropneumoniae'']], but they are less virulent.  Once an animal is infected with ''A.suis'' it can provide partial cross protection against ''A. pleuropneumoniae''.  

Most of the O1 strains analyzed to date possess pustulan (1-6,beta-D-glucan)which is a major component of fungal and lichen cell walls. Therefore, many animals have antibodies to this polysaccharide in the absence of exposure to A. suis, which may provide naive pigs with some level of protection against the O1 strains (MacInnes and Desrosiers, 1999; Slavic et al., 2000).

Most of the O1 strains analyzed to date possess pustulan (1-6,beta-D-glucan)which is a major component of fungal and lichen cell walls. Therefore, many animals have antibodies to this polysaccharide in the absence of exposure to A. suis, which may provide naive pigs with some level of protection against the O1 strains <ref name="MacInnes and Desrosiers, 1999">MacInnes, J.I., Desrosiers, R.(1999)'''Agents of the "suis-ide diseases" of swine: Actinobacillus suis, Haemophilus parasuis, and Streptococcus suis'''. ''Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research'', 63(2):83-89; 52 ref.</ref>., <ref name="Slavic et al., 2000"/>

 

==Signalment==

==Signalment==

''A.Suis'' can be found worldwide in both healthy and diseased animals which are genetically and biochemically similar.  It is believed to be spread via aerososl infection and invasion of the upper respiratory tract.  Wild hosts include anatidae (ducks, geese and swans) and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Coypu] but A.suis can also affect domestic species including pigs,  [[Actinobacillus equuli| horses]], [[Actinobacillosis - Cattle| cattle]], sheep, goats, alpacas, zebu, dogs, and cats.  

''A.Suis'' can be found worldwide in both healthy and diseased animals which are genetically and biochemically similar.  It is believed to be spread via aerososl infection and invasion of the upper respiratory tract.  Wild hosts include anatidae (ducks, geese and swans) and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Coypu] but A.suis can also affect domestic species including pigs,  [[Actinobacillus equuli| horses]], [[Actinobacillosis - Cattle| cattle]], sheep, goats, alpacas, zebu, dogs, and cats.