Changes

==Signalment==

==Signalment==

''A.Suis'' can be found in the tonsils and upper respiratory tract of both healthy and diseased pigs, and isolates are genetically and biochemically similar.  It is believed to be spread via '''aerososl infection''' and '''invasion of the upper respiratory tract'''.  The incidence of the disease is increasing, especially in North American high-health-status herds.

''A.suis'' can infect all ages of pigs and it is thought that incidence of the disease is increasing, especially in North American high-health-status herds.

Wild hosts include anatidae (ducks, geese and swans) and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Coypu] but A.suis can also affect domestic species including pigs, cattle, sheep, goats, alpacas, zebu, dogs, cats and tentive links to equine disease have been recorded (although this is thought to be be an A.suis-like microorganism rather than A.suis itself).

Wild hosts include anatidae (ducks, geese and swans) and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Coypu] but A.suis can also affect domestic species including pigs, cattle, sheep, goats, alpacas, zebu, dogs, cats and tentive links to equine disease have been recorded (although this is thought to be be an A.suis-like microorganism rather than A.suis itself). A.suis is not considered to be a zoonosis,but there is a report of a human infection after a pig bite (Escande et al., 1996).  

   

 

The epidemiology of''A.Suis'' is poorly understood.  ''A.Suis'' can be found in the tonsils and upper respiratory tract of both healthy and diseased pigs, and isolates are genetically and biochemically similar. It is believed to be spread via '''aerososl infection''' and '''invasion of the upper respiratory tract'''. It is thought to colonise piglets in the first three weeks of life but not all piglets become clinically affected and some can become carriers.

==Diagnosis==

==Diagnosis==

''A.Suis''is difficult to culture and most of the O1 strains analyzed possess pustulan (1-6,beta-D-glucan)which is a major component of fungal and lichen cell walls. Therefore, many animals have antibodies to this polysaccharide in the absence of exposure to A. suis.  Thses antibodies may provide naive pigs with some level of protection against the O1 strains <ref name="MacInnes and Desrosiers, 1999">MacInnes, J.I., Desrosiers, R.(1999)''' Agents of the "suis-ide diseases" of swine: Actinobacillus suis, Haemophilus parasuis, and Streptococcus suis'''. ''Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research'', 63(2):83-89; 52 ref.</ref>, <ref name="Slavic et al., 2000"/>

''A.Suis''is difficult to culture and most of the O1 strains analyzed possess pustulan (1-6,beta-D-glucan)which is a major component of fungal and lichen cell walls. Therefore, many animals have antibodies to this polysaccharide in the absence of exposure to A. suis.  Thses antibodies may provide naive pigs with some level of protection against the O1 strains <ref name="MacInnes and Desrosiers, 1999">MacInnes, J.I., Desrosiers, R.(1999)''' Agents of the "suis-ide diseases" of swine: Actinobacillus suis, Haemophilus parasuis, and Streptococcus suis'''. ''Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research'', 63(2):83-89; 52 ref.</ref>, <ref name="Slavic et al., 2000"/>.  For more information see [[Actinobacillosis - Pig| '''actinobacillosis in pigs''']].

==Distribution==

==Distribution==

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[[Category:Actinobacillus_species]][[Category:Pig Bacteria]][[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Pig]][[Category:Horse Bacteria]]

[[Category:Actinobacillus_species]][[Category:Pig Bacteria]][[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Pig]][[Category:Horse Bacteria]]

[[Category:To_Do_-_Bacteria]][[Category:To Do - CABI review]]

[[Category:To_Do_-_Bacteria]][[Category:To Do - CABI review]]