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|a1=''Coronaviridae''
|a1=''Coronaviridae''
|l1=Toroviruses#Introduction
|l1=Toroviruses#Introduction
|q2=What type of viruses are ''Toroviruses''and what are their properties?
|q2=What type of viruses are ''Toroviruses'' and what are their properties?
|a2=
|a2=
*Enveloped positive sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) viruses
*Enveloped positive sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) viruses
*Relatively stable in acid or alkaline environment between pH 2.5-10.
*Relatively stable in acid or alkaline environment between pH 2.5-10.
|l2= Toroviruses#Introduction
|l2= Toroviruses#Introduction
|q3= What are the names given to toroviruses found in horses?
|q3= What are the names given to ''Toroviruses'' found in horses?
|a3=
|a3=
*Equine torovirus (ETV)
*Equine torovirus (ETV)
*Prototype Berne virus
*Prototype Berne virus
|l3= Toroviruses#Introduction
|l3= Toroviruses#Introduction
|q4= What are the names given to toroviruses found in cattle?
|q4= What are the names given to ''Toroviruses'' found in cattle?
|a4=
|a4=
*Bovine torovirus (BoTV)
*Bovine torovirus (BoTV)
*Prototype Breda virus
*Prototype Breda virus
|l4= Toroviruses#Introduction
|l4= Toroviruses#Introduction
|q5= What species is the ''Torovirus'' found in?|a5=
|q5= What species are the ''Toroviruses'' found in?
|a5=
Hosts include:
Hosts include:
*Cattle
*Cattle
*Humans
*Humans
|l5= Toroviruses#Signalment
|l5= Toroviruses#Signalment
|q6= What are the clinical signs of the torovirus in cattle?
|q6= What are the clinical signs of the ''Toroviruses'' in cattle?
|a6=
|a6=
In all ages of cattle it can cause:
*Diarrhoea
*Diarrhoea
*Pyrexia
*Pyrexia
Young, colostrum-deprived calves are particularly at risk.
Young, colostrum-deprived calves are particularly at risk.
|l6= Toroviruses#Clinical Signs
|l6= Toroviruses#Clinical Signs
|q7= What are the clinical signs of the torovirus in cats?
|q7= What are the clinical signs of the ''Toroviruses'' in cats?
|a7=
|a7=
*Diarrhoea
*Diarrhoea
*Protruding nictating membranes
*Protruding nictating membranes
|l7= Toroviruses#Clinical Signs
|q8= What are the clinical signs of the ''Toroviruses'' in pigs?
|q8= What are the clinical signs of the torovirus in pigs?
|a8=
|a8=
Pigs can shed the torovirus without showing any symptoms of disease.
Pigs can shed the torovirus without showing any symptoms of disease.
It is presumed that it is spread via the faecal-oral route and spread through subclinical or chronically infected cattle.
It is presumed that it is spread via the faecal-oral route and spread through subclinical or chronically infected cattle.
|l9= Toroviruses#Epidemiology
|l9= Toroviruses#Epidemiology
|q10= What is the distribution of the ''Torovirus''?
|q10= What is the distribution of ''Toroviruses''?
|a910=
|a910=
Worldwide in cattle and horses.
Worldwide in cattle and horses.
|l10= Toroviruses#Distribution
|l10= Toroviruses#Distribution
|q11= What is the distribution of the ''Torovirus''?
|q11= How is the ''Torovirus'' detected?
|a11=
|a11=
Diagnostic methods include a combination of:
Diagnostic methods include a combination of:
*Electron microscopy
*Electron microscopy
*Haemagglutination inhibition
*Haemagglutination inhibition
*ELISA.
*ELISA.
l11= Toroviruses#Diagnosis
|q13= What effect does the virus have on the intestinal wall?
|q12= What effect does the virus have on the intestinal wall?
|a13=
|a12=
*Villus fusion
*Villus fusion
*Villus atrophy
*Villus atrophy
*Thinning of intestinal wall
*Thinning of intestinal wall
l12= Toroviruses#Diagnosis
|q14= How do you treat for ''Torovirus'' infections?
|q13= How do you treat for ''Torovirus'' infections?
|a13=
There is no specific treatment; only supportive fluid treatment for diarrhoea and antibiotics for secondary infections.
l13= Toroviruses#Treatment
|q14= How do you control''Toroviruses''?
|a14=
|a14=
*Isolation of infected animals
*Isolation of infected animals
*Good hygiene and sanitary measures
*Good hygiene and sanitary measures
l14= Toroviruses#Control
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