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Also Known As – '''''PSS - Malignant Hyperthermia (MH) – Back Muscle Necrosis – Fulminant Hyperthermia Stress Syndrome – Pale Soft Exudative (PSE) pork/musculature – Hyperthermia Syndrome – Transport Myopathy'''''

Also Known As: '''''PSS — Malignant Hyperthermia — MH — Back Muscle Necrosis — Fulminant Hyperthermia Stress Syndrome — Pale Soft Exudative Pork/Musculature — PSE — Hyperthermia Syndrome — Transport Myopathy'''''

==Introduction==

==Introduction==

Porcine stress syndrome (PSS) is a '''congenital, autosomal recessive pharmacogenetic disorder''' which affects pigs, dogs, cats, horses and humans. It is caused by a fundamental '''intolerance of stress''' due to a '''defective ryanodine receptor''' which affects '''closure of calcium channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum''' and causing a sudden, sustained rise in '''intracellular calcium and consequent muscle contracture and upregulation of metabolism.'''

Porcine stress syndrome (PSS) is a '''congenital, autosomal recessive pharmacogenetic disorder''' which affects pigs, dogs, cats, horses and humans. It is caused by a fundamental '''intolerance of stress''' due to a '''defective ryanodine receptor''' which affects '''closure of calcium channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum''' and causing a sudden, sustained rise in '''intracellular calcium and consequent muscle contracture and upregulation of metabolism.'''

It can also be induced by exposure to certain anaesthetics, most markedly '''halothane''', which can also generate the disease in people and also intense exercise, coitus, parturition and transport.

It can also be induced by exposure to certain anaesthetics, most markedly '''halothane''' (which can also generate the disease in people), intense exercise, coitus, parturition and transport.

PSS leads to an increase in metabolism and intense production of '''heat, carbon dioxide and lactic acid and contraction of skeletal musculature'''.<ref> Gronert, G. A (1986) '''Malignant hyperthermia'''. In: Engle, B., Banker, B. eds. '''Myology'''. ''New York, USA: McGraw Hill'', 1763-1783</ref> The fall in muscle pH following slaughter causes '''denaturation of muscular proteins, myofibre shrinkage and the PSE appearance''' of the pork. PSS mainly affects the Type IIB muscle fibres.

PSS leads to an increase in metabolism and intense production of '''heat, carbon dioxide and lactic acid and contraction of skeletal musculature'''.<ref> Gronert, G. A (1986) '''Malignant hyperthermia'''. In: Engle, B., Banker, B. eds. '''Myology'''. ''New York, USA: McGraw Hill'', 1763-1783</ref>  

PSS is not zoonotic. Although PSS meat is of poor quality and poor aesthetic appeal, it is not a hazard on its own.

PSS appears as three different syndromes:

:'''Pale, soft and exudative (PSE) meat''' in which the fall in muscle pH following slaughter causes denaturation of muscular proteins and myofibre shrinkage. PSS mainly affects the Type IIB muscle fibres. The meat is of poor quality and is rejected in the abattoir.

 

PSS is not zoonotic.

==Distribution==

==Distribution==

'''Worldwide'''. Prevalence is dictates by emphasis on quality or quantity of meat produced and cultural/traditional differences in pig selection and production.

'''Worldwide'''. Prevalence is dictated by emphasis on quality or quantity of meat produced and cultural/traditional differences in pig selection and production.

 

It is '''very rare in the developed world''' due to selective breeding.

==Signalment==

==Signalment==

The genetic trait is most commonly manifested in '''Landrace, Poland-China, Pietrain''' and associated crossbreeds. Because affected pigs often have more developed musculature and therefore larger carcass weights, the genes translating PSS are often favoured when selecting breeding stock.

The genetic trait is most commonly manifested in '''Landrace, Poland-China, Pietrain''' and associated crossbreeds. Historically, because affected pigs often had more developed musculature and therefore larger carcass weights, the genes translating PSS were often favoured when selecting breeding stock. This is now not standard practice in the developed world.

==Clinical Signs==

==Clinical Signs==

Pigs may be '''found dead''', particularly after times of stress, e.g. transport.

Pigs may be '''found dead''', particularly after times of stress, e.g. transport.

Early signs of disease may be '''tail tremors''' and fine fasciculations.  

Early signs of disease may be '''tail tremors''' and fine fasciculations.  

PSS pigs will '''develop rigor mortis very rapidly''' after slaughter and significant economic losses from rejected meat.

'''PSE''' will appear as inadequate setting of the carcass after slaughter and significant economic losses from rejected meat.

 

'''Malignant hyperthermia''' will occur during anaesthesia under halothane, and will appear as significant muscle contractions, pyrexia and muscle rigidity.

==Diagnosis==

==Diagnosis==

The traditional method of diagnosis is the '''halothane challenge'''. Susceptible pigs become rigid within 5 minutes of exposure to the agent. It will however only detect homozygous animals.  

The traditional method of diagnosis is the '''halothane challenge'''. Susceptible pigs become rigid within 5 minutes of exposure to the agent. It will however only detect homozygous animals.  

A '''DNA PCR''' is available to accurately detect '''heterozygous''' (carrier) pigs.<ref> Rempel, W. E., Lu, M. Y., El-Kandelgy, S., Kennedy, C. F. H., Irvin, L. R., Mickelson, J. R., Louis, C. F (1993) '''Relative accuracy of the halothane challenge test and a molecular genetic test in detecting the gene for porcine stress syndrome.''' J Animal Science, 71(6):1395-1399; 16</ref> This can be performed on any material containing DNA including hairs. A complete elimination of the recessive gene is thus possible, but there remains an interest in breeding heterozygous animals for the production of pigs with superior carcasses.

A '''DNA PCR''' is available to accurately detect '''heterozygous''' (carrier) pigs.<ref> Rempel, W. E., Lu, M. Y., El-Kandelgy, S., Kennedy, C. F. H., Irvin, L. R., Mickelson, J. R., Louis, C. F (1993) '''Relative accuracy of the halothane challenge test and a molecular genetic test in detecting the gene for porcine stress syndrome.''' ''J Animal Science'', 71(6):1395-1399; 16</ref> This can be performed on any material containing DNA including hairs. A complete elimination of the recessive gene is thus possible, but there remains an interest in breeding heterozygous animals for the production of pigs with superior carcasses.

A pig that has died of PSS may have '''congested viscera on post-mortem''' and have frothy bronchiolar contents due to terminal pulmonary oedema. The most striking feature is the '''rapid onset of rigor mortis''', as mentioned above. Most pigs develop pale, watery musculature within '''15-30 minutes''' of death. No microscopic lesions or abnormalities are present.

A pig that has died of PSS may have '''congested viscera on post-mortem''' and have frothy bronchiolar contents due to terminal pulmonary oedema. The most striking feature is the '''rapid onset of rigor mortis''', as mentioned above. Most pigs develop pale, watery musculature within '''15-30 minutes''' of death. No microscopic lesions or abnormalities are present.

==Treatment==

==Treatment==

If only early signs are present, '''removal of the animal for the impending stress''' and allowing rest may prevent the episode without further intervention.  

If only early signs are present, '''removal of the animal from the impending stress''' and allowing rest may prevent the episode without further intervention.  

If rigidity and blotchiness has begun, the pig should be '''sedated with a fast acting agent, and given hydrocortisone and bicarbonate''' to alleviate the lactic acidosis.  

If rigidity and blotchiness has begun, the pig should be '''sedated with a fast acting agent, and given hydrocortisone and bicarbonate''' to alleviate the lactic acidosis.  

Testing breeding stock or suspect animals and eliminating them from breeding stock is ideal, but often poorly accepted due to the favourable characteristics of PSS animals.  

Testing breeding stock or suspect animals and eliminating them from breeding stock is ideal, but often poorly accepted due to the favourable characteristics of PSS animals.  

{{Learning

{{Learning

==References==

==References==

<references/>

<references/>

Animal Health & Production Compendium, '''Porcine Stress Syndrome datasheet''', accessed 03/07/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/

|datasheet = [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/?compid=3&dsid=68600&loadmodule=datasheet&page=2144&site=160 porcine stress syndrome]

 

 

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[[Category:Muscles - Developmental Pathology]]

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