Line 3: |
Line 3: |
| |q1= Is this feed classified as a i) forage; ii) root, tuber or their by-product; iii) cereal or their by-product; or iv) protein concentrate & source? | | |q1= Is this feed classified as a i) forage; ii) root, tuber or their by-product; iii) cereal or their by-product; or iv) protein concentrate & source? |
| |a1= This type of feed is classified as i) forage. | | |a1= This type of feed is classified as i) forage. |
− | |l1=Forages#Grass | + | |l1=Forage#Grass |
| |q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) range of this feed? | | |q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) range of this feed? |
| |a2= | | |a2= |
Line 14: |
Line 14: |
| |Grass (mature)||25 - 50 ||9.5 - 10.5 ||50 - 130 | | |Grass (mature)||25 - 50 ||9.5 - 10.5 ||50 - 130 |
| |} | | |} |
− | |l2= Forages#Grass | + | |l2= Forage#Grass |
| |q3= What are the characteristics of this feed? | | |q3= What are the characteristics of this feed? |
| |a3= Typically based on ryegrass, but often mixed swards with cocksfoot, fescues, timothy, and legumes (e.g. clover). It is present in rough/hill grazing (often with heather, rushes, mosses), permanent pasture and rotational leys, the latter often high yielding italian or perennial ryegrass monocultures. | | |a3= Typically based on ryegrass, but often mixed swards with cocksfoot, fescues, timothy, and legumes (e.g. clover). It is present in rough/hill grazing (often with heather, rushes, mosses), permanent pasture and rotational leys, the latter often high yielding italian or perennial ryegrass monocultures. |
− | |l3= Forages#Grass | + | |l3= Forage#Grass |
| |q4= What concerns are associated with this feed? | | |q4= What concerns are associated with this feed? |
| |a4= Scours, hypomagnesaemic tetany (especially in winter, or in rapidly growing grass (e.g. spring,/early summer, late summer/autumn), bloat (especially as mixed legume swards), pasture-induced laminitis. | | |a4= Scours, hypomagnesaemic tetany (especially in winter, or in rapidly growing grass (e.g. spring,/early summer, late summer/autumn), bloat (especially as mixed legume swards), pasture-induced laminitis. |
Line 27: |
Line 27: |
| |q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? | | |q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? |
| |a1= These types of feed are classified as i) forages. | | |a1= These types of feed are classified as i) forages. |
− | |l1=Forages#Silage and Haylage | + | |l1=Forage#Silage and Haylage |
| |q2=What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) range of silage and haylage? | | |q2=What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) range of silage and haylage? |
| |a2= | | |a2= |
Line 38: |
Line 38: |
| |Haylage || 50-60 || 9 - 11.5 || 75 - 110 || 4.5 - 5.5 | | |Haylage || 50-60 || 9 - 11.5 || 75 - 110 || 4.5 - 5.5 |
| |} | | |} |
− | |l2= Forages#Silage and Haylage | + | |l2= Forage#Silage and Haylage |
| |q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds? | | |q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds? |
| |a3= Silage is a fermented crop with a low dry matter content. It is cut at a relatively early stage of development and stored under anaerobic conditions. Haylage is similar to silage but is often cut at a more mature stage. It typically has a higher pH and DM than silage and can often be of more variable quality. With horses haylage is typically preferred (by owners) to silage. | | |a3= Silage is a fermented crop with a low dry matter content. It is cut at a relatively early stage of development and stored under anaerobic conditions. Haylage is similar to silage but is often cut at a more mature stage. It typically has a higher pH and DM than silage and can often be of more variable quality. With horses haylage is typically preferred (by owners) to silage. |
− | |l3= Forages#Silage and Haylage | + | |l3= Forage#Silage and Haylage |
| |q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds? | | |q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds? |
| |a4= Clostridia. Listeriosis. Acidosis. Moulds/mycotoxins. Poor fermentation (pH > 4.8) or too acidic (pH < 3.8). | | |a4= Clostridia. Listeriosis. Acidosis. Moulds/mycotoxins. Poor fermentation (pH > 4.8) or too acidic (pH < 3.8). |
− | |l4= Forages#Silage and Haylage | + | |l4= Forage#Silage and Haylage |
| </FlashCard> | | </FlashCard> |
| | | |
Line 51: |
Line 51: |
| |q1= Is this feed classified as a i) forage; ii) root, tuber or their by-product; iii) cereal or their by-product; or iv) protein concentrate & source? | | |q1= Is this feed classified as a i) forage; ii) root, tuber or their by-product; iii) cereal or their by-product; or iv) protein concentrate & source? |
| |a1= This type of feed is classified as i) forage. | | |a1= This type of feed is classified as i) forage. |
− | |l1=Forages#Hay | + | |l1=Forage#Hay |
| |q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) range of this feed? | | |q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) range of this feed? |
| |a2= {| class="wikitable" | | |a2= {| class="wikitable" |
Line 59: |
Line 59: |
| |Hay || 80 - 90 || 7.5 - 10.5 ||50 - 150 | | |Hay || 80 - 90 || 7.5 - 10.5 ||50 - 150 |
| |} | | |} |
− | |l2= Forages#Hay | + | |l2= Forage#Hay |
| |q3= What are the characteristics of this feed? | | |q3= What are the characteristics of this feed? |
| |a3= Hay is dried grass, either naturally or artificially (dependent on the weather). It is cut at a relatively late stage of maturity and is typically of variable quality in colour and smell, and nutritive value. There are various types of hay such as ryegrass, meadow, and timothy. | | |a3= Hay is dried grass, either naturally or artificially (dependent on the weather). It is cut at a relatively late stage of maturity and is typically of variable quality in colour and smell, and nutritive value. There are various types of hay such as ryegrass, meadow, and timothy. |
− | |l3= Forages#Hay | + | |l3= Forage#Hay |
| |q4= What concern is associated with this feed? | | |q4= What concern is associated with this feed? |
| |a4= Mould/mycotoxins. | | |a4= Mould/mycotoxins. |
− | |l4= Forages#Hay | + | |l4= Forage#Hay |
| </FlashCard> | | </FlashCard> |
| | | |
Line 72: |
Line 72: |
| |q1= Is this feed classified as a i) forage; ii) root, tuber or their by-product; iii) cereal or their by-product; or iv) protein concentrate & source? | | |q1= Is this feed classified as a i) forage; ii) root, tuber or their by-product; iii) cereal or their by-product; or iv) protein concentrate & source? |
| |a1= This type of feed is classified as i) forage. | | |a1= This type of feed is classified as i) forage. |
− | |l1=Forages#Straw | + | |l1=Forage#Straw |
| |q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) range of this feed? | | |q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) range of this feed? |
| |a2= | | |a2= |
Line 83: |
Line 83: |
| |Straw (ammoniated)|| 84 - 88 || 7.4 - 7.8 || 68 - 75 | | |Straw (ammoniated)|| 84 - 88 || 7.4 - 7.8 || 68 - 75 |
| |} | | |} |
− | |l2= Forages#Straw | + | |l2= Forage#Straw |
| |q3= What are the characteristics of this feed? | | |q3= What are the characteristics of this feed? |
| |a3= Straw (usually barley or oat for feed) can be treated with alkali, urea or ammonia. It is commonly used as a roughage source for growing ruminants, and especially animals being reared in cereal beef systems. | | |a3= Straw (usually barley or oat for feed) can be treated with alkali, urea or ammonia. It is commonly used as a roughage source for growing ruminants, and especially animals being reared in cereal beef systems. |
− | |l3= Forages#Straw | + | |l3= Forage#Straw |
| |q4= What concerns are associated with this feed? | | |q4= What concerns are associated with this feed? |
| |a4= Moulds/mycotoxin. Impaction within GI tract (especially horses). High intakes of straw (+ grains) are associated with hypomagnesaemic tetany (due to high K levels in grain and straw) | | |a4= Moulds/mycotoxin. Impaction within GI tract (especially horses). High intakes of straw (+ grains) are associated with hypomagnesaemic tetany (due to high K levels in grain and straw) |
− | |l4= Forages#Straw | + | |l4= Forage#Straw |
| </FlashCard> | | </FlashCard> |
| | | |
Line 96: |
Line 96: |
| |q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? | | |q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? |
| |a1= These feeds are classified as i) forages. | | |a1= These feeds are classified as i) forages. |
− | |l1=Forages# Whole-crop cereal silages | + | |l1=Forage# Whole-crop cereal silages |
| |q2= What are the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) ranges of these feeds? | | |q2= What are the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) ranges of these feeds? |
| |a2= | | |a2= |
Line 107: |
Line 107: |
| |Barley whole-crop silage || 30 - 40 ||9 - 11 ||80 - 110 | | |Barley whole-crop silage || 30 - 40 ||9 - 11 ||80 - 110 |
| |} | | |} |
− | |l2= Forages# Whole-crop Cereal Silage | + | |l2= Forage# Whole-crop Cereal Silage |
| |q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds? | | |q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds? |
| |a3= Maize whole-crop silage has high energy concentration while having a low protein concentration. It is harvested when grain is in the late dough stage. Barley, oats, wheat, and triticale are also used for whole-crop cereal silage either as monocultures or mixed with legumes (e.g. peas) to improve protein content. They are also high in energy while low in protein. Whole-crop cereal silages are fed as sole forage or mixed with grass silage. | | |a3= Maize whole-crop silage has high energy concentration while having a low protein concentration. It is harvested when grain is in the late dough stage. Barley, oats, wheat, and triticale are also used for whole-crop cereal silage either as monocultures or mixed with legumes (e.g. peas) to improve protein content. They are also high in energy while low in protein. Whole-crop cereal silages are fed as sole forage or mixed with grass silage. |
− | |l3= Forages# Whole-crop Cereal Silage | + | |l3= Forage# Whole-crop Cereal Silage |
| |q4= What concerns are associated with this feed? | | |q4= What concerns are associated with this feed? |
| |a4= Clostridia. Listeriosis. Acidosis. Poor fermentation (pH > 4.8) or too acidic (pH < 3.8). | | |a4= Clostridia. Listeriosis. Acidosis. Poor fermentation (pH > 4.8) or too acidic (pH < 3.8). |
− | |l4= Forages# Whole-crop Cereal Silage | + | |l4= Forage# Whole-crop Cereal Silage |
| </FlashCard> | | </FlashCard> |
| | | |
Line 120: |
Line 120: |
| |q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? | | |q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? |
| |a1= These feeds are classified as forages and more specifically legumes. | | |a1= These feeds are classified as forages and more specifically legumes. |
− | |l1=Forages#Clovers and Lucerne | + | |l1=Forage#Clovers and Lucerne |
| |q2=. What are the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) ranges of these feeds? | | |q2=. What are the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) ranges of these feeds? |
| |a2= {| class="wikitable" | | |a2= {| class="wikitable" |
Line 132: |
Line 132: |
| |Lucerne Hay || 84 - 88 || 8 - 10.5 || 200 - 225 | | |Lucerne Hay || 84 - 88 || 8 - 10.5 || 200 - 225 |
| |} | | |} |
− | |l2= Forages#Clovers and Lucerne | + | |l2= Forage#Clovers and Lucerne |
| |q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds? | | |q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds? |
| |a3= Clovers are either white or red varieties. Clovers and Lucerne (aka Alfalfa) have a higher protein concentration and a higher mineral concentration (e.g. calcium) than grasses. Lucerne can be grazed or conserved as a monoculture. Lucernes also have a higher protein concentration than grasses. Legume silages tend to be more difficult to achieve a good fermentation, inoculants are usually required. | | |a3= Clovers are either white or red varieties. Clovers and Lucerne (aka Alfalfa) have a higher protein concentration and a higher mineral concentration (e.g. calcium) than grasses. Lucerne can be grazed or conserved as a monoculture. Lucernes also have a higher protein concentration than grasses. Legume silages tend to be more difficult to achieve a good fermentation, inoculants are usually required. |
− | |l3= Forages#Clover and Lucerne | + | |l3= Forage#Clover and Lucerne |
| |q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds? | | |q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds? |
| |a4= Bloat (frothy). Red clovers and some Lucerne varieties may also contain significant levels of phytoestrogens that cause subfertility. | | |a4= Bloat (frothy). Red clovers and some Lucerne varieties may also contain significant levels of phytoestrogens that cause subfertility. |
− | |l4= Forages#Clovers and Lucerne | + | |l4= Forage#Clovers and Lucerne |
| </FlashCard> | | </FlashCard> |
| | | |
Line 145: |
Line 145: |
| |q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? | | |q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? |
| |a1= These types of feed are classified as i) forages, and more specifically forage brassicas. | | |a1= These types of feed are classified as i) forages, and more specifically forage brassicas. |
− | |l1=Forages#Kale and Rape | + | |l1=Forage#Kale and Rape |
| |q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of these feeds? | | |q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of these feeds? |
| |a2= {| class="wikitable" | | |a2= {| class="wikitable" |
Line 155: |
Line 155: |
| |Rape || 14 || 9.5 || 200 | | |Rape || 14 || 9.5 || 200 |
| |} | | |} |
− | |l2= Forages#Kale and Rape | + | |l2= Forage#Kale and Rape |
| |q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds? | | |q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds? |
| |a3= Kale and rape are considered good, digestible fodder. They have a higher protein concentration, carbohydrate concentration and calcium concentration than grasses. Rape has a higher protein concentration than kale. | | |a3= Kale and rape are considered good, digestible fodder. They have a higher protein concentration, carbohydrate concentration and calcium concentration than grasses. Rape has a higher protein concentration than kale. |
− | |l3= Forages#Kale and Rape | + | |l3= Forage#Kale and Rape |
| |q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds? | | |q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds? |
| |a4= Goitrogenic. Haemolytic anaemia, haemoglobinuria. Feed to pregnant ewes with caution (can observe malformed, dead lambs at parturition). | | |a4= Goitrogenic. Haemolytic anaemia, haemoglobinuria. Feed to pregnant ewes with caution (can observe malformed, dead lambs at parturition). |
− | |l4= Forages#Kale and Rape | + | |l4= Forage#Kale and Rape |
| </FlashCard> | | </FlashCard> |
| | | |