Changes

==Epidemiology==

==Epidemiology==

The  bacteria can survive in pond sediment and once a population of fish have recovered from an infection of ECS, they can become '''carriers'''. It can be found in the kidneys of fishes and is thought to be shed in the faeces of fish.  

The  bacteria can survive in pond sediment and once a population of fish have recovered from an infection of ECS, they can become '''carriers'''. It can be found in the kidneys of fishes and is thought to be shed in the faeces of fish.  

'''Outbreaks''' are mainly '''seasonal''' and '''occur within a set temperature range of  18-28°C''', primarily in spring and autumn.  This temperature limitation precludes the bacterium from being a pathogen for humans or other warm-blooded animals (Janda et al., 1991) and is not therefore zoonotic. Other '''environmental factors''' have been '''linked to outbreaks''' and include '''poor water quality, high stocking density and other stressors'''.   

'''Outbreaks''' are mainly '''seasonal''' and '''occur within a set temperature range of  18-28°C''', primarily in spring and autumn.  This temperature limitation precludes the bacterium from being a pathogen for humans or other warm-blooded animals <ref name="name">  (Janda et al., 1991) </ref> and is not therefore zoonotic. Other '''environmental factors''' have been '''linked to outbreaks''' and include '''poor water quality, high stocking density and other stressors'''.   

''E.ictaluri''  can '''invade the, gill mucosa, olfactory organ and nasal epithelium and nerve, brain meninges, skull and capillaries in the dermis of the skin'''.  

''E.ictaluri''  can '''invade the, gill mucosa, olfactory organ and nasal epithelium and nerve, brain meninges, skull and capillaries in the dermis of the skin'''.  

==Pathology==  

==Pathology==  

'''Histological examination''' reveals a '''systemic infection of all organs''' and '''skeletal muscles''', with the most severe changes being '''diffuse interstitial necrosis''' of the anterior and posterior '''kidney and systemic haemorrhages'''. '''Focal necrosis in the liver'' and '''spleen''' are also generally seen as '''pale grey/white lesions'''.  Skeletal muscle and areas of necrosis within internal organ tissue can be '''infiltrated with macrophages''', that phagocytose the bacteria but do not destroy it (Miyazaki and Plumb, 1985; Klesius et al., 1991; Klesius, 1993;).

'''Histological examination''' reveals a '''systemic infection of all organs''' and '''skeletal muscles''', with the most severe changes being '''diffuse interstitial necrosis''' of the anterior and posterior '''kidney and systemic haemorrhages'''. '''Focal necrosis in the liver'' and '''spleen''' are also generally seen as '''pale grey/white lesions'''.  Skeletal muscle and areas of necrosis within internal organ tissue can be '''infiltrated with macrophages''', that phagocytose the bacteria but do not destroy it <ref name="name">  (Miyazaki and Plumb, 1985</ref>; <ref name="name">  Klesius et al., 1991</ref>; <ref name="name">  Klesius, 1993;)</ref>.

==Diagnosis==

==Diagnosis==