Changes

The olfactory organ in dogs is extremely well developed and species such as dogs use olfaction to orientate themselves in an environment in a way that humans do not. Olfactory cells are continuously replaced and are only viable sensory cells for between 30 - 60 days. This point is of importance as this is the only area in which nerve cells are able to be replaced or regenerated in adult animals and this area is now under research at Cambridge University for the treatment of damaged nerves and/or nerve disorders in nerves other than those involved in olfaction.

The olfactory organ in dogs is extremely well developed and species such as dogs use olfaction to orientate themselves in an environment in a way that humans do not. Olfactory cells are continuously replaced and are only viable sensory cells for between 30 - 60 days. This point is of importance as this is the only area in which nerve cells are able to be replaced or regenerated in adult animals and this area is now under research at Cambridge University for the treatment of damaged nerves and/or nerve disorders in nerves other than those involved in olfaction.

===Optic Nerve (II)===

===Optic Nerve (II)===

The optic nerve represents the connection between the receptor cells of the [[Eye_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#The_Wall_.28retina.2C_uvea_and_sclera.29|retina]] and the diencephalon. The optic nerve is a sensory nerve and is composed of '''Special Somatic Afferent fibres'''. The optic nerve passes through the '''optic chiasm''' which is an area of the ventral brain where both optic nerves run in a medial direction and eventually decussate. The optic nerve runs through the '''optic canal'''.

The optic nerve is part of the special senses cranial nerves and represents the connection between the receptor cells of the [[Eye_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#The_Wall_.28retina.2C_uvea_and_sclera.29|retina]] and the diencephalon. The optic nerve is a sensory nerve and is composed of '''Special Somatic Afferent fibres'''. The optic nerve passes through the '''optic chiasm''' which is an area of the ventral brain where both optic nerves run in a medial direction and eventually decussate. The optic nerve runs through the '''optic canal'''.

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

The optic nerve can be examined clinically via a menace response and anopsia (loss of vision) can be seen in injury.

The optic nerve can be examined clinically via a menace response and anopsia (loss of vision) can be seen in injury.

===Vestibulocochlear (III)===

===Vestibulocochlear (III)===

The vestibulocochlear nerve is part of the special senses group of cranial nerves and is made up of two components; the vestibular nerve and the cochlear nerve. The vestibular nerve is responsible for balance whilst the cochlear nerve is responsible for hearing. The nerves send impulses from the inner ear which contains the [[Ear_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Vestibular_Receptors_and_Balance|vestibular apparatus]] and [[Ear_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#The_Cochlea|cochlear]]. The vestibulocochlear nerve is a sensory nerve made up of '''special somatic afferent fibres'''. It passes through the '''internal acoustic meatus''' and into the '''petrosal bone'''. The facial nerve also takes this route.

The vestibulocochlear nerve is part of the special senses group of cranial nerves and is made up of two components; the vestibular nerve and the cochlear nerve. The vestibular nerve is responsible for balance whilst the cochlear nerve is responsible for hearing. The nerves send impulses from the inner ear which contains the [[Ear_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Vestibular_Receptors_and_Balance|vestibular apparatus]] and [[Ear_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#The_Cochlea|cochlear]]. The vestibulocochlear nerve is a sensory nerve made up of '''special somatic afferent fibres'''. It passes through the '''internal acoustic meatus''' and into the '''petrosal bone'''. The facial nerve also takes this route.