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Hoof - Anatomy & Physiology (view source)
Revision as of 22:00, 14 August 2011
, 22:00, 14 August 2011→Equine Hoof
===Equine Hoof===
===Equine Hoof===
<font color ="red">The horny material encasing the distal phalanx is known as the '''hoof'''. It is continuous with the skin at the coronary region. The hoof can be divided into three topographical regions; the '''wall''', the '''frog''' and the '''sole'''. The '''wall''' forms the medial, lateral and dorsal aspect of the hoof. It can be further divided into the '''toe''', '''quarters''' and '''heels'''. At the heel the walls reflect back on themselves at a point called the '''angles''' and in doing so forms the '''bars'''. The bars fade out before they meet cranially. The '''frog''' sits between the bars and has an apex facing dorsally, with 2 crura flanking a central sulcus. Between the crus and bar of each half lies the '''collateral sulcus'''. Opposite the apex the frog expands forming the '''bulbs of the heel'''. The '''sole''' is the area dorsal to the bars and apex of the frog enclosed by the hoof wall. The area where the bars and wall enclose it is known as the '''angle of the sole'''.
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The dermis of the distal phalanx is arranged in hundreds of leaves or '''laminae''', which have microscopic '''secondary laminae'''. The coronary region has a germinative layer associated with papillae that is responsible for producing the horn tubules that make up the hoof wall. This wall glides distally at a rate of 5-6mm a month and by forming epidermal laminae itself it interdigitates with the underlying dermal laminae. Neither of these laminae are pigmented so when the epidermal laminae appear on the solar surface, a non-pigmented region known as the '''white line''' appears. The white line is used as important landmark in farriery as structures central to the line will be dermal and so vascular and sensitive. The dermis in the frog is also arranged in papillae and produces incompletely keratinised flexuous horn tubules resulting in a soft, elastic horn. The hypodermis of the region of the frog forms the '''digital cushion'''. This lies between the ungual cartilages and is collagenous, elastic tissue infiltrated by adipose tissue. At the bulbs of the heel it is subcutaneous and is soft and loose in texture. The sole area also has papillae that produces superficially flakey horn. The coronary part of the wall is surrounded by a bony prominence called the '''periople'''. This soft, lightly coloured area is restricted to this proximal area and is produced by the germative layer covering the papillae. The rest of the hoof is covered by the '''tectorial layer''', this is a very thin layer of horn that is covered distally by the growth of the horn.
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A well-trimmed foot should weight bear on its walls, bars and frog. This occurs as the weight applied to the distal phalanx is then transferred across the interdigitating laminae to the hoof wall. Thus an injury resulting in damage to the laminae is of extreme importance to the horse.
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The epidermis of the horny hoof is termed the '''coronary epidermis'''. Its surface has a plantar aspect and newly formed hoof grows distally towards the plantar surface of the structure. Hoof wall is generally 5 - 10 mm in thickness and consists of 3 layers:
The epidermis of the horny hoof is termed the '''coronary epidermis'''. Its surface has a plantar aspect and newly formed hoof grows distally towards the plantar surface of the structure. Hoof wall is generally 5 - 10 mm in thickness and consists of 3 layers:
* A thin outer layer or "'''wall'''" of shiny, dense horn, which effectively seals the hoof against dehydration and penetration.
* A thin outer layer or "'''wall'''" of shiny, dense horn, which effectively seals the hoof against dehydration and penetration.