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| − | =Introduction= | + | ==Introduction== |
| − | Candidiasis is a '''fungal infection''' caused by [[Candida spp.|''Candida'' spp.]], [[File:C albicans germ tubes.jpg|200px|right|thumb|''Candida'' spp]] most commonly '''''Candida ablicans''''' that affects many species.
| + | [[File:C albicans germ tubes.jpg|200px|right|thumb|''Candida'' spp]] |
| − | The yeast is normally present on '''skin''' and in the [[Alimentary System Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|GI tract]]. Symptoms of disease are usually only seen in '''immunocompromised''' animals following '''opportunistic''' infection. It is most common in the bird but has also been reported in [[Candidiasis – Rabbit|rabbits]], horses, pigs, cows, sheep, cats and dogs - in particular neonates.
| + | Candidiasis is a '''fungal infection''' caused by [[Candida spp.|''Candida'' spp.]], most commonly '''''Candida ablicans''''' that affects many species. |
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| − | ==Clinical signs== | + | The yeast is normally present on '''skin''' and in the [[Alimentary System Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|GI tract]]. Symptoms of disease are usually only seen in '''immunocompromised''' animals following '''opportunistic''' infection. It is most common in the bird (see [[Candidiasis - Birds]]) but has also been reported in [[Candidiasis – Rabbit|rabbits]], horses, pigs, cows, sheep, cats and dogs - in particular neonates. |
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| | + | ==Clinical Signs== |
| | Lesions are found on '''mucous membranes''' and at '''mucocutaneous junctions''' most commonly. The disease will usually remain '''localised''' to the mucocutaneous junctions, but on rare occasions it may spread '''systemically'''. | | Lesions are found on '''mucous membranes''' and at '''mucocutaneous junctions''' most commonly. The disease will usually remain '''localised''' to the mucocutaneous junctions, but on rare occasions it may spread '''systemically'''. |
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| | *Superficial [[Exudate|'''exudate''']] containing organisms | | *Superficial [[Exudate|'''exudate''']] containing organisms |
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| − | Infection may cause a also cause a variety of '''other clinical signs''' depending on the '''species''' and the '''site of infection''', for example [[Mastitis|mastitis]], [[Arthritis|arthritis]], [[Diarrhoea|diarrhoea]] and general malaise. | + | Infection may cause also cause a variety of '''other clinical signs''' depending on the '''species''' and the '''site of infection''', for example [[Mastitis|mastitis]], [[Arthritis|arthritis]], [[Diarrhoea|diarrhoea]] and general malaise. |
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| | ==Predisposing factors== | | ==Predisposing factors== |
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| | Prognosis depends on both the severity of infection and the animal affected. | | Prognosis depends on both the severity of infection and the animal affected. |
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| | + | <big><b> |
| | + | Also see: |
| | + | :[[Candidiasis - Birds|Candidiasis in Birds]] |
| | + | :[[Candidiasis – Rabbit|Candidiasis in Rabbits]] |
| | + | </b></big> |
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| − | =Candidasis in birds= | + | ==References== |
| − | [[Image:Sour Crop.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Sour Crop - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]
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| − | ==Signalment==
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| − | Candidiasis ''aka'' '''thrush/sour crop/crop mycosis''' is common in '''neonatal psittacine birds'''. It occurs primarily as a result of '''immunosuppression''' and '''trauma''' to the ingluvies. Hypothermia, feeding too cold or too hot formula which results in crop-burn, poor nutrition, longterm antibiotic therapy, hypovitaminosis A and systemic illness from other causes are all predisposing causes.
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| − | ==Clinical Sings==
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| − | The bird may present with '''inflammation''' and '''delayed emptying''' of the '''ingluvies'''. On examination of the crop surrounding structures, there are normally grey-white lesions and a whitish necrotic material present. There may also be thickening of the crop wall.
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| − | ==Diagnosis==
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| − | Diagnosis is based on '''identification of oval yeasts''' and '''hyphae''' on '''cytological smears''' taken from swabs and crop washes or aspirates. '''Wrights stain''' can be used to demonstrate the yeasts. There should be no evidence of an inflammatory response. The presence of '''hyphae''' indicates that the crop may have been penetrated and the infection has '''spread systemically'''.
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| − | ==Treatment==
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| − | An '''antifungal drug''' is indicated for the treatment of candidiasis. The presence of hyphae is suggestive of invasion of the mucosa by the yeast and the potential for a systemic infection. Therefore, a '''systemic antifungal''' such as oral itraconazole (for 7 days) is recommended along with a topical antifungal such as nystatin BID or TID for 7–10 days.
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| − | ==Prognosis==
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| − | The presence of hyphae on cytological examination suggests a severe infection and potential systemic spread, and therefore a '''poor''' prognosis. Without evidence of hyphae the prognosis is improved.
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| − | =References=
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| − | Forbes NA & Altman RB (1998) '''Self-Assessment Colour Review Avian Medicine''' ''Manson Publishing Ltd''
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| − | Girling, S (2004) '''Diseases of the digestive tract of psittacine birds''' ''In Practice 2004 26: 146-15''
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| | Merck & Co (2009) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual''' (Ninth Edition), ''Merial'' | | Merck & Co (2009) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual''' (Ninth Edition), ''Merial'' |
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| − | {{Learning|flashcards = [[Avian Medicine Q&A 16]]}}
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| | + | {{review}} |
| | [[Category:Cutaneous Mycoses]] | | [[Category:Cutaneous Mycoses]] |
| − | [[Category:To Do - Fungi]] | + | [[Category:Expert Review]] |
| − | [[Category: To Do - Siobhan Brade]]
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| − | [[Category:To Do - Manson review]]
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