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Created page with "Also known as: '''''Paratyphoid — Pullorum Disease — Fowl Typhoid — Arizonosis''''' ==Introduction== ''Salmonella'' species have a worldwide distribution and are the most ..."
Also known as: '''''Paratyphoid — Pullorum Disease — Fowl Typhoid — Arizonosis'''''
==Introduction==
''Salmonella'' species have a worldwide distribution and are the most common cause of bacterial diarrhoea in humans and animals.
Many of the species show '''little specificity for their host species'''.
The three infections in '''poultry''' causing economic losses include ''S. pullorum'', ''S. gallinarum'' and ''S. arizonae''. '''Control programs''' have led to a decrease in the incidence of infections.
'''Paratyphoid''' is caused by any of the non host-adapted species of ''Salmonella'', which can infect any animal and are of '''public health significance''' via contamination and mishandling of poultry products. Common species include ''S. typhimurium'', ''S. enteritidis'' and others.
==Pullorum Disease==
Infection with ''S. pullorum'' lead to a very '''high mortality in young chickens and turkeys'''. It has been eradicated from most commercial chicken flocks, but may be present in other avian species.
Transmission is '''through the egg''', but can occur through contact with infected birds.
===Clinical Signs===
These include weakness, diarrhoea, anorexia and death. Survivors frequently become carriers and can produce infected progeny.
'''Post-mortem findings''' include: nodules in the liver, spleen, heart, lungs and intestine. Caecal cores may be seen. Occasionally, synovitis is present. In mature chickens, chronic infections produce lesions that are indistinguishable from those of fowl typhoid.
===Diagnosis===
Lesions are suggestive. Confirmation requires '''isolation and serotyping of the organism'''. '''Serological tests''' can identify infections in live adult birds.
===Treatment and control===
Treatment is not recommended as it might favour the '''carrier state'''. '''Testing and breeding''' to assure freedom from infection is recommended.
==Fowl Typhoid==
Infection with ''S. gallinarum'' produces lesions similar to ''S. pullorum'', but can spread more readily amongst '''growing and mature flocks'''. Mortality can be high in older birds.
It is also transmitted in the egg.
===Clinical Signs===
These are similar to infection with ''S. pullorum''.
Older birds may be pale, dehydrated and have diarrhoea.
'''Post-mortem findings''' in older birds include: friable swollen liver, with or without necrotic foci, enlarged spleen, anaemia, enteritis.
===Diagnosis===
Isolation and serotyping of ''S. gallinarum'' confirms the diagnosis.
===Treatment and control===
This is as for ''S. pullorum'' infection. '''Vaccines''' have been developed in some countries which show promise in protecting birds against challenge. Serology is effective in detecting ''S. gallinarum'' infection.
==Arizona Infection==
''S. arizonae'' is responsible for the disease, primarily seen in '''turkeys''', transmitted through the egg.
'''Reptiles, wild birds, rats and mice''' can be infected and serve as a reservoir of infection for poultry. Humans may contract the infection by eating contaminated food.
===Clinical Signs===
These are not distinctive. Mortality occurs within the first 3-4 weeks of life.
Infections tend to persist in the flock, and birds show signs such as: diarrhoea, lethargy, anorexia, blindness and neurological signs.
'''Post-mortem findings''' include: unabsorbed yolk sacs, enlarged and mottled livers, duodenal congestion and caecal cores.
===Diagnosis===
This is made by identifying and serotyping the organism. Eyes and brain are a good site for sampling.
Serological tests are not available.
===Treatment and control===
'''Killed vaccines''' are available for infected breeder flocks to reduce egg transmission and to develop pathogen-free flocks.
'''Antibiotics''' can be given to day-old poults to minimise mortality, but the carrier state is common.
==Paratyphoid==
This can be caused by many species of ''Salmonella'', including ''S. typhimurium'', ''S. enteritidis'' and others.
Transmission occurs '''horizontally from infected birds''', the environment or rodents. Faecal contamination of the eggshell is also common.
===Clinical Signs===
Mortality is limited to the first few weeks of age.
Signs include: depression, weakness, anorexia, diarrhoea and dehydration
'''Post-mortem findings''' include: enlarged liver with focal necrosis, enteritis and caecal cores. Infection can localise in the eye and synovial structures.
'''Acute septicaemia''' can also occur, and death with no other signs is possible.
===Diagnosis===
Isolation, identification and serotyping of the agent involves is necessary. Serology is not reliable.
===Treatment and control===
'''General hygiene and management control measures''' include: strict sanitation, fumigating the hatched eggs, pelleting of feed, cleaning and disinfection of poultry houses and rodent control.
'''Exclusion of wild birds, rodents''' and pets can help prevent entry of the organism.
'''Antibiotics''' may help prevent mortality but cannot eliminate infection.
{{Learning
|flashcards = [[Avian Medicine Q&A 19]]
}}
==References==
Merck and Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual''' ''Merial''
Pattison, M. (2008) '''Poultry Diseases''' ''Elsevier Health Sciences''
[[Category:To Do - Helen]]
[[Category:To Do - Review]]
==Introduction==
''Salmonella'' species have a worldwide distribution and are the most common cause of bacterial diarrhoea in humans and animals.
Many of the species show '''little specificity for their host species'''.
The three infections in '''poultry''' causing economic losses include ''S. pullorum'', ''S. gallinarum'' and ''S. arizonae''. '''Control programs''' have led to a decrease in the incidence of infections.
'''Paratyphoid''' is caused by any of the non host-adapted species of ''Salmonella'', which can infect any animal and are of '''public health significance''' via contamination and mishandling of poultry products. Common species include ''S. typhimurium'', ''S. enteritidis'' and others.
==Pullorum Disease==
Infection with ''S. pullorum'' lead to a very '''high mortality in young chickens and turkeys'''. It has been eradicated from most commercial chicken flocks, but may be present in other avian species.
Transmission is '''through the egg''', but can occur through contact with infected birds.
===Clinical Signs===
These include weakness, diarrhoea, anorexia and death. Survivors frequently become carriers and can produce infected progeny.
'''Post-mortem findings''' include: nodules in the liver, spleen, heart, lungs and intestine. Caecal cores may be seen. Occasionally, synovitis is present. In mature chickens, chronic infections produce lesions that are indistinguishable from those of fowl typhoid.
===Diagnosis===
Lesions are suggestive. Confirmation requires '''isolation and serotyping of the organism'''. '''Serological tests''' can identify infections in live adult birds.
===Treatment and control===
Treatment is not recommended as it might favour the '''carrier state'''. '''Testing and breeding''' to assure freedom from infection is recommended.
==Fowl Typhoid==
Infection with ''S. gallinarum'' produces lesions similar to ''S. pullorum'', but can spread more readily amongst '''growing and mature flocks'''. Mortality can be high in older birds.
It is also transmitted in the egg.
===Clinical Signs===
These are similar to infection with ''S. pullorum''.
Older birds may be pale, dehydrated and have diarrhoea.
'''Post-mortem findings''' in older birds include: friable swollen liver, with or without necrotic foci, enlarged spleen, anaemia, enteritis.
===Diagnosis===
Isolation and serotyping of ''S. gallinarum'' confirms the diagnosis.
===Treatment and control===
This is as for ''S. pullorum'' infection. '''Vaccines''' have been developed in some countries which show promise in protecting birds against challenge. Serology is effective in detecting ''S. gallinarum'' infection.
==Arizona Infection==
''S. arizonae'' is responsible for the disease, primarily seen in '''turkeys''', transmitted through the egg.
'''Reptiles, wild birds, rats and mice''' can be infected and serve as a reservoir of infection for poultry. Humans may contract the infection by eating contaminated food.
===Clinical Signs===
These are not distinctive. Mortality occurs within the first 3-4 weeks of life.
Infections tend to persist in the flock, and birds show signs such as: diarrhoea, lethargy, anorexia, blindness and neurological signs.
'''Post-mortem findings''' include: unabsorbed yolk sacs, enlarged and mottled livers, duodenal congestion and caecal cores.
===Diagnosis===
This is made by identifying and serotyping the organism. Eyes and brain are a good site for sampling.
Serological tests are not available.
===Treatment and control===
'''Killed vaccines''' are available for infected breeder flocks to reduce egg transmission and to develop pathogen-free flocks.
'''Antibiotics''' can be given to day-old poults to minimise mortality, but the carrier state is common.
==Paratyphoid==
This can be caused by many species of ''Salmonella'', including ''S. typhimurium'', ''S. enteritidis'' and others.
Transmission occurs '''horizontally from infected birds''', the environment or rodents. Faecal contamination of the eggshell is also common.
===Clinical Signs===
Mortality is limited to the first few weeks of age.
Signs include: depression, weakness, anorexia, diarrhoea and dehydration
'''Post-mortem findings''' include: enlarged liver with focal necrosis, enteritis and caecal cores. Infection can localise in the eye and synovial structures.
'''Acute septicaemia''' can also occur, and death with no other signs is possible.
===Diagnosis===
Isolation, identification and serotyping of the agent involves is necessary. Serology is not reliable.
===Treatment and control===
'''General hygiene and management control measures''' include: strict sanitation, fumigating the hatched eggs, pelleting of feed, cleaning and disinfection of poultry houses and rodent control.
'''Exclusion of wild birds, rodents''' and pets can help prevent entry of the organism.
'''Antibiotics''' may help prevent mortality but cannot eliminate infection.
{{Learning
|flashcards = [[Avian Medicine Q&A 19]]
}}
==References==
Merck and Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual''' ''Merial''
Pattison, M. (2008) '''Poultry Diseases''' ''Elsevier Health Sciences''
[[Category:To Do - Helen]]
[[Category:To Do - Review]]