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==Introduction==
'''Paraphimosis is the inability to retract the erect penis back within the prepuce'''. This usually occurs in dogs following '''sexual stimulation'''. The pathogenesis is not understood.
==Signalment==
The condition is most commonly see in '''dogs'''. It may be caused by '''hair''' constricting the penis at its base, '''phimosis''' - which is a congenital narrowing of the preputial orifice, '''trauma''', a '''short prepuce''', '''circumferential foreign bodies''' around the base of the penis, '''priapism''' - secondary to neurological abnormalities or inflammation.
==Diagnosis==
Diagnosis can be made based on the '''history and clinical exam''' findings.
==Treatment==
Paraphimosis should be treated as an '''emergency''' requiring prompt treatment.
The penis should be '''cleaned and lubricated''' and then '''returned to the prepuce'''. If the penis is '''oedematous, hyperosmolar fluid, cold packs or warm packs''' can be used to reduce the size of the penis before attempting to replace it.
If the condition is caused by phimosis either the prepucial opening should be '''enlarged surgically''' or '''partial penile amputation''' should be performed. Any '''hair or foreign object''' constricting the base of the penis should be '''removed'''. The dog may require sedation or general anaesthetic.
If the penis is not immediately replaced it will '''dry out and become painful''' - secondary to this '''self-trauma, ulceration, urethral obstruction, necrosis and gangrene''' may occur. Should any of these things occur, '''partial penile amputation''' may be necessary. The dog should be '''catheterised''' if there is any risk of urethral obstruction.
Further treatment is limited but the following have been used in men and horses: Injection of alpha-adrenergic drugs or benztropine, and anticholinergic drugs, into the corpus cavernosum penis to induce detumescence; and the creation of a communication between the corpus cavernosum penis and the glans penis surgically - which can be attempted in breeding animals.
==Prognosis==
If paraphimosis is recognised early and treatment instigated immediately then prognosis is very '''good'''. However the longer the vascular supply to the penis is compromised the worse the prognosis.
==References==
Gilson, SD (1998) '''Self-Assessment Colour Review Small Animal Soft Tissue Surgery''' '' Manson''
[[Category: To Do - Siobhan Brade]]
'''Paraphimosis is the inability to retract the erect penis back within the prepuce'''. This usually occurs in dogs following '''sexual stimulation'''. The pathogenesis is not understood.
==Signalment==
The condition is most commonly see in '''dogs'''. It may be caused by '''hair''' constricting the penis at its base, '''phimosis''' - which is a congenital narrowing of the preputial orifice, '''trauma''', a '''short prepuce''', '''circumferential foreign bodies''' around the base of the penis, '''priapism''' - secondary to neurological abnormalities or inflammation.
==Diagnosis==
Diagnosis can be made based on the '''history and clinical exam''' findings.
==Treatment==
Paraphimosis should be treated as an '''emergency''' requiring prompt treatment.
The penis should be '''cleaned and lubricated''' and then '''returned to the prepuce'''. If the penis is '''oedematous, hyperosmolar fluid, cold packs or warm packs''' can be used to reduce the size of the penis before attempting to replace it.
If the condition is caused by phimosis either the prepucial opening should be '''enlarged surgically''' or '''partial penile amputation''' should be performed. Any '''hair or foreign object''' constricting the base of the penis should be '''removed'''. The dog may require sedation or general anaesthetic.
If the penis is not immediately replaced it will '''dry out and become painful''' - secondary to this '''self-trauma, ulceration, urethral obstruction, necrosis and gangrene''' may occur. Should any of these things occur, '''partial penile amputation''' may be necessary. The dog should be '''catheterised''' if there is any risk of urethral obstruction.
Further treatment is limited but the following have been used in men and horses: Injection of alpha-adrenergic drugs or benztropine, and anticholinergic drugs, into the corpus cavernosum penis to induce detumescence; and the creation of a communication between the corpus cavernosum penis and the glans penis surgically - which can be attempted in breeding animals.
==Prognosis==
If paraphimosis is recognised early and treatment instigated immediately then prognosis is very '''good'''. However the longer the vascular supply to the penis is compromised the worse the prognosis.
==References==
Gilson, SD (1998) '''Self-Assessment Colour Review Small Animal Soft Tissue Surgery''' '' Manson''
[[Category: To Do - Siobhan Brade]]