Changes

==History and Clinical Signs==

==History and Clinical Signs==

The clinical signs of GDV are usually '''acute in onset''' and may follow a period of exercise and/or feeding of a large meal. Affected dogs typically display '''non-productive vomiting and abdominal distension'''. Acute onset restlessness, abdominal pain, hypersalivation and abdominal tympany are other common features of GDV. On physical examination, the dog may be collapsed or reluctant to stand. Signs of cardiovascular '''shock''' may be present including tachycardia, pale mucous membranes, prolonged capillary refill time and poor peripheral pulses. An irregular heart rate combined with pulse deficits indicates the presence of [[Arrhythmia|cardiac arrhythmias]].

The clinical signs of GDV are usually '''acute in onset''' and may follow a period of exercise and/or feeding of a large meal. Affected dogs typically display '''non-productive vomiting and abdominal distension'''. Acute onset restlessness, abdominal pain, hypersalivation and abdominal tympany are other common features of GDV. On physical examination, the dog may be collapsed or reluctant to stand. Signs of cardiovascular '''shock''' may be present including tachycardia, pale mucous membranes, prolonged capillary refill time and poor peripheral pulses. An irregular heart rate combined with pulse deficits indicates the presence of [[Category:Arrhythmia|cardiac arrhythmias]].

==Diagnosis and Management==

==Diagnosis and Management==

Diagnosis is usually based on the '''patient's signalment and a history of unproductive vomiting and abdominal distension'''.  

Diagnosis is usually based on the '''patient's signalment and a history of unproductive vomiting and abdominal distension'''.  

===[[Fluid Therapy]]===

===[[:Category:Fluid Therapy|Fluid Therapy]]===

Initial emergency treatment should be aimed at managing the dog's '''hypovolaemic shock'''. It may be beneficial to provide oxygen supplementation whilst the dog is being stabilised.  

Initial emergency treatment should be aimed at managing the dog's '''hypovolaemic shock'''. It may be beneficial to provide oxygen supplementation whilst the dog is being stabilised.  

Large bore (16 or 18 gauge) catheters should be placed into the cephalic or jugular veins and a proportion of the '''shock dose of Compound Sodium Lactate''' (90ml/kg/h) should be administered intravenously based on the severity of the dog's clinical signs. Hypertonic saline or colloid fluids may be indicated in very large dogs or those who have not responded to a bolus dose of crystalloid fluids.  

Large bore (16 or 18 gauge) catheters should be placed into the cephalic or jugular veins and a proportion of the '''shock dose of Compound Sodium Lactate''' (90ml/kg/h) should be administered intravenously based on the severity of the dog's clinical signs. Hypertonic saline or colloid fluids may be indicated in very large dogs or those who have not responded to a bolus dose of crystalloid fluids.