Changes

==Introduction==

==Introduction==

Prostatic and paraprostatic (periprostatic) cysts are '''fluid-filled pockets''' associated with the prostate.

Prostatic and paraprostatic (periprostatic) cysts are '''fluid-filled pockets''' associated with the [[Accessory Sex Glands - Anatomy & Physiology#Prostate Gland|prostate]].

These occur uncommonly in '''male dogs''' of medium or large breeds.  

These occur uncommonly in '''male dogs''' of medium or large breeds.  

Prostatic cysts usually result from an '''obstruction of prostatic ducts''' and fluid retention within the prostatic parenchyma. There are usually multiple cavitary areas within the gland which potentially connect with the urethra.

Prostatic cysts usually result from an '''obstruction of prostatic ducts''' and fluid retention within the prostatic parenchyma. There are usually multiple cavitary areas within the gland which potentially connect with the urethra.

Paraprostatic cysts are thought to originate from the '''blind-ended ''uterus masculinus''''', formed from the müllerian duct system. These are usually very '''large structures''' which extend into the abdominal cavity or the pelvic canal. These cysts attach to the prostate but do not communicate with the urethra. The fluid contained within the cysts is usually '''pale yellow to orange'''. The interior of the cysts is smooth and cartilage or '''calcified areas''' may be present.

Paraprostatic cysts are thought to originate from the '''blind-ended ''uterus masculinus''''', formed from the [[Reproductive System Development#Bipotential Gonadal Phase|müllerian duct system]]. These are usually very '''large structures''' which extend into the abdominal cavity or the pelvic canal. These cysts attach to the prostate but do not communicate with the urethra. The fluid contained within the cysts is usually '''pale yellow to orange'''. The interior of the cysts is smooth and cartilage or '''calcified areas''' may be present.

Cysts usually cause signs associated with compression of intestinal or urinary structures. There may also be an '''inflammatory component''' with adhesions, manifested by abdominal pain and haematological changes.  

Cysts usually cause signs associated with compression of intestinal or urinary structures. There may also be an '''inflammatory component''' with adhesions, manifested by abdominal pain and haematological changes.  

Medical treatment is not effective. Small cysts can sometimes be managed by draining the cyst several times and castrating the animal.  

Medical treatment is not effective. Small cysts can sometimes be managed by draining the cyst several times and castrating the animal.  

In most cases, '''castration''' is recommended in conjunction with '''surgical resection of the cyst'''. If complete excision is not possible, the remaining portion should be '''omentalised''' by suturing a leaf of omentum in place.

In most cases, '''castration''' is recommended in conjunction with '''surgical resection of the cyst'''. If complete excision is not possible, the remaining portion should be '''omentalised''' by suturing a leaf of omentum in place. Omentalisation is the most effective way to deal with prostatic and paraprostatic cysts, as it provides a source of blood supply to deliver antibiotics, white blood cells and angiogenic factors, and acts as a '''physiological drain'''.

 

Omentalisation is the most effective way to deal with prostatic and paraprostatic cysts, as it provides a source of blood supply to deliver antibiotics, white blood cells and angiogenic factors, and acts as a '''physiological drain'''.

'''Marsupialisation''' is another treatment option, and the cyst wall is sutured to the skin to form a semi-permanent stoma. Management of a marsupialised stoma can sometimes be difficult.

'''Marsupialisation''' is another treatment option, and the cyst wall is sutured to the skin to form a semi-permanent stoma. Management of a marsupialised stoma can sometimes be difficult.

[[Category:To Do - Helen]]

 

[[Category:To Do - Review]]

[[Category:Male Reproductive System - Pathology]]

[[Category:Reproductive Diseases - Dog]]

[[Category:Expert Review - Small Animal]]