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The chemokines are a superfamily of cytokines, all related in terms of sequence and gene structure. The family is also known as the 'small cytokine' family (scy) or the intercrines. All have a relatively small molecular weight of ~5-10kDa and can be divided in one of two groups based on the position of the cystein residues (important for the tertiary structure):

The chemokines are a superfamily of cytokines, all related in terms of sequence and gene structure. The family is also known as the 'small cytokine' family (scy) or the intercrines. All have a relatively small molecular weight of ~5-10kDa and can be divided in one of two groups based on the position of the cystein residues (important for the tertiary structure):

*C-C subgroup- cysteine residues are adjacent to each other. Important members include:

*C-C subgroup- cysteine residues are adjacent to each other. Important members include:

**Interleukin 8

**MIP1α - Macrophage Inflammatory Protein 1 α (CCL3)

**RANTES - Regulated upon Activation, Normal T cell Expressed and Secreted (CCL5)

**PF4- platelet factor 4

**βTG- β-thromboglobulin

*C-X-C subgroup- residues are separated by another amino acid. Important members include:

*C-X-C subgroup- residues are separated by another amino acid. Important members include:

**MCAF- macrophage chemotactic and activating factor

**MCAF - macrophage chemotactic and activating factor (

**LD-8

**LD-8

**ACT-2

**ACT-2

Chemokines are released by many cell types, and are present in the earliest phase of infection, with actions including the following:

Chemokines are released by many cell types, and are present in the earliest phase of infection, with actions including the following:

*Lymphoid trafficking

*Lymphoid trafficking

*Inflammation

*Inflammation

*Cell recruitment

*Cell recruitment

==Cytokines in pathology==

==Cytokines in pathology==

===Bacterial septic shock===

===Bacterial septic shock===