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===Overview===
===Overview===
*''Yersinia pseudotuberculosis''
*''Yersinia pseudotuberculosis''
**Less virulent than ''Y. pestis'' but closely related
**Less virulent than ''Y. pestis'' but closely related
**Mainly infect in animals
**Mainly infect animals
**One plasmid, required for virulence
**One plasmid, required for virulence
**Sporadic cases of pseudotuberculosis in animals and man
**Sporadic cases of pseudotuberculosis in animals and man
**Wild birds and rodents provide a reservoir of infection by harbouring the the pathogen in their intestinal tract
**Wild birds and rodents provide a reservoir of infection by harbouring the the pathogen in their intestinal tract
**Sources include food and water contaminated by faeces
**Sources include food and water contaminated by faeces
**Pseudotuberculosis (caseous abscesses) in rodents, guinea pigs, cats, turkeys
**Epidymo-orchitis in rams
**Abortion in goats
**Occasional infections in pigs, cattle, sheep
**Multiplication in macrophages leads to granuloma formation
**Multiplication in macrophages leads to granuloma formation
**Granulomas occur in the gut wall and mesenteric lymph nodes
**Granulomas occur in the gut wall and mesenteric lymph nodes
**Occasional spread from the mesenteric lymph nodes to the liver and spleen
*''Yersinia enterocolitica''
**Pathogen of animals and humans
**Found in intestinal tract and oral cavity of animals, eg. pigs, leading to infection of humans via contaminated carcasses
**Enterocolitis in man which lasts 2-3 weeks or develops into a chronic form
**Enteric disease in farmed deer
**Ileitis, gastroenteritis, mesenteric adenitis
**Pathogenicity related to a heat stable enterotoxin
===Diagnosis===
===Diagnosis===
**''Yersinia'' species grow on blood agar and MacConkey agar at room temperature.
**''Y. pseudotuberculosis'' and ''Y. enerocolica'' are motile, unlike ''Y. pestis''
**Biochemical tests to identify particular species
**Specific fluorescent antibody staining of lymph node aspirates to identify ''Y. pestis''
===Control===
===Control===
**Control ''Y. pestis'' by controlling rodent population and flea control of cats
**Control of other ''Yersinia'' species difficult due to their ubiquity
===Treatment===
===Treatment===
**Euthanase or isolate animals suspected of ''Y. pestis'' infection; Streptomycin, doxycycline, gentamicin or chloramphinol
**Long-acting tetracyclines, trimethoprim-sulphonamides, aminoglycosides and chloramphicol effective against ''Y. pseudotuberculosis'' and ''Y. enterocolica''