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===Overview===
 
===Overview===
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*''Yersinia pseudotuberculosis''
 
*''Yersinia pseudotuberculosis''
 
**Less virulent than ''Y. pestis'' but closely related
 
**Less virulent than ''Y. pestis'' but closely related
**Mainly infect in animals
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**Mainly infect animals
 
**One plasmid, required for virulence
 
**One plasmid, required for virulence
 
**Sporadic cases of pseudotuberculosis in animals and man
 
**Sporadic cases of pseudotuberculosis in animals and man
 
**Wild birds and rodents provide a reservoir of infection by harbouring the the pathogen in their intestinal tract
 
**Wild birds and rodents provide a reservoir of infection by harbouring the the pathogen in their intestinal tract
 
**Sources include food and water contaminated by faeces
 
**Sources include food and water contaminated by faeces
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**Pseudotuberculosis (caseous abscesses) in rodents, guinea pigs, cats, turkeys
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**Epidymo-orchitis in rams
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**Abortion in goats
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**Occasional infections in pigs, cattle, sheep
 
**Multiplication in macrophages leads to granuloma formation
 
**Multiplication in macrophages leads to granuloma formation
 
**Granulomas occur in the gut wall and mesenteric lymph nodes
 
**Granulomas occur in the gut wall and mesenteric lymph nodes
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**Occasional spread from the mesenteric lymph nodes to the liver and spleen
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*''Yersinia enterocolitica''
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**Pathogen of animals and humans
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**Found in intestinal tract and oral cavity of animals, eg. pigs, leading to infection of humans via contaminated carcasses
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**Enterocolitis in man which lasts 2-3 weeks or develops into a chronic form
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**Enteric disease in farmed deer
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**Ileitis, gastroenteritis, mesenteric adenitis
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**Pathogenicity related to a heat stable enterotoxin
    
===Diagnosis===
 
===Diagnosis===
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**''Yersinia'' species grow on blood agar and MacConkey agar at room temperature.
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**''Y. pseudotuberculosis'' and ''Y. enerocolica'' are motile, unlike ''Y. pestis''
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**Biochemical tests to identify particular species
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**Specific fluorescent antibody staining of lymph node aspirates to identify ''Y. pestis''
    
===Control===
 
===Control===
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**Control ''Y. pestis'' by controlling rodent population and flea control of cats
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**Control of other ''Yersinia'' species difficult due to their ubiquity
    
===Treatment===
 
===Treatment===
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**Euthanase or isolate animals suspected of ''Y. pestis'' infection; Streptomycin, doxycycline, gentamicin or chloramphinol
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**Long-acting tetracyclines, trimethoprim-sulphonamides, aminoglycosides and chloramphicol effective against ''Y. pseudotuberculosis'' and ''Y. enterocolica''
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