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{{Taxobox
|name =''Burkholderia mallei''
|phylum =Proteobacteria
|class =Beta Proteobacteria
|order =Burkholderiales
|family =Burkholderiaceae
|genus =Burkholderia
|species =''B.mallei''
}}
Also known as: '''''Farcy
Also known as: '''''Farcy'''''
Caused by '''''Burkholderia mallei''''' Also known as: ''Pseudomonas mallei — B.mallei''
==Instruction==
==Introduction==
'''Glanders''' is a contagious disease caused by [[Burkholderia mallei|''Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) mallei'']]. It exists in '''acute''' and '''chronic''' forms. Animals are infected by ingestion of contaminated feed or water, inhalation or via open wounds. The organism invades mucosa and disseminates to other tissue via the lymphatics.
'''Glanders''' is a contagious disease caused by '''''Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) mallei'''''. It exists in '''acute''' and '''chronic''' forms. Animals are infected by ingestion of contaminated feed or water, inhalation or via open wounds. The organism invades mucosa and disseminates to other tissue via the lymphatics resulting in nodules and ulcers in the respiratory tract and on the skin.
''Burkholderia mallei'' is a species of the ''[[Burkholderia species - Overview|Burkholderia]]'' genus. The presence of ''B. mallei'' in the host causes hypersensitivity reactions.
Three forms of the condition have been described; animals will show signs of one or more forms.
Three forms of the condition have been described; animals will show signs of one or more forms.
Carnivores can also be infected by ingestion of infected carcasses.
Carnivores can also be infected by ingestion of infected carcasses.
The disease is '''zoonotic''', humans are infected by inoculation through a wound and mortality is high.
The disease is '''zoonotic''', humans are infected by inoculation through a wound and mortality is high.
==Signalment==
==Signalment==
Equidae are most commonly affected, horses tend to get the chronic form and mules and donkeys the acute form.
Equidae are most commonly affected, horses tend to get the chronic form and mules and donkeys the acute form.
==Diagnosis==
==Diagnosis==
A diagnosis of ''B.mallei'' can be made by collecting specimens, including discharges from lesions and blood for serology. The bacteria grows on media containing 1% glycerol. Most strains are non-lactose fermenters on MacConkey agar. Complement fixation and agglutination can be carried out, as can serology.
===Clinical Signs===
Clinical signs may be sufficient to diagnose the condition, however they do not develop until the disease is advanced, therefore specific tests are indicated in suspected cases to aid prompt diagnosis.
Clinical signs may be sufficient to diagnose the condition, however they do not develop until the disease is advanced, therefore specific tests are indicated in suspected cases to aid prompt diagnosis.
====Acute====
====Acute====
* Pyrexia
* Pyrexia
Animals are debilitated and show clinical signs for several months, the disease may be fatal or the animal may appear to recover but it will act as a carrier and source of infection for spread of the disease.
Animals are debilitated and show clinical signs for several months, the disease may be fatal or the animal may appear to recover but it will act as a carrier and source of infection for spread of the disease.
===Clinical tests===
===Clinical Tests===
The '''Mallein test''' is used most frequently to diagnose the condition, a fraction of the causative organism is injected intradermally into the eyelid or applied as eyedrops, a positive result is seen as local swelling and discharge 1-2 days post testing.
The '''Mallein test''' is used most frequently to diagnose the condition, a fraction of the causative organism is injected intradermally into the eyelid or applied as eyedrops, a positive result is seen as local swelling and discharge 1-2 days post testing.
<big>Also see: [[Glanders (Farcy) - Donkey|'''Glanders in Donkeys''']]</big>
<big>Also see: [[Glanders (Farcy) - Donkey|'''Glanders in Donkeys''']]</big>
{{Learning
|literature search = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=%28%28title%3A%28%22Pseudomonas+mallei%22%29%29%29+OR+%28%28title%3A%28%22Burkholderia+mallei%22%29%29%29 ''Burkholderia mallei'' publications]
[http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?it=any&q1=glanders&calendarInput=yyyy-mm-dd&occuring1=title&show=all&rowId=1&rowId=2&rowId=3&options1=AND&options2=AND&options3=AND&occuring3=freetext&occuring2=freetext&publishedend=yyyy&la=any&publishedstart=yyyy&fq=sc%3A%22ve%22&y=7&x=37 Glanders publications]
[http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?it=any&q1=glanders&calendarInput=yyyy-mm-dd&occuring1=title&show=all&rowId=1&rowId=2&rowId=3&options1=AND&options2=AND&options3=AND&occuring3=freetext&occuring2=freetext&publishedend=yyyy&la=any&publishedstart=yyyy&fq=sc%3A%22ve%22&y=7&x=37 Glanders publications]
}}
==References==
==References==
* Merck & Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition)''' ''Merial''
* Merck & Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition)''' ''Merial''
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[[Category:Expert_Review]]
[[Category:Respiratory_Bacterial_Infections]]
[[Category:Respiratory_Bacterial_Infections]]
[[Category:Zoonoses]]
[[Category:Zoonoses]]
[[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Horse]]
[[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Horse]]