Changes

===Shoulder Joint===

===Shoulder Joint===

The joint capsule attaches a very short distance from the periphery of the articular surfaces. The '''intertubercular (bicipital) bursa''' lies between the humeral tubercles, cushioning the '''bicipital tendon'''. The bursa and tendon are held in place by the '''transverse humeral retinaculum''', running between the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus.

The joint capsule attaches a very short distance from the periphery of the articular surfaces. The '''intertubercular (bicipital) bursa''' lies between the humeral tubercles, cushioning the '''bicipital tendon'''. The bursa and tendon are held in place by the '''transverse humeral retinaculum''', running between the greater and lesser tubercles of the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy|humerus]].

===Elbow Joint===

===Elbow Joint===

The joint capsule attaches to the articular surface of the condyle, the periphery of the olecranon fossa and the articular cartilage of the trochlear notch of the ulna. It fuses with the collateral ligaments. Paired '''collateral ligaments''' attach the epicondyles to the tuberosities of the radius and ulna.

The joint capsule attaches to the articular surface of the condyle, the periphery of the olecranon fossa and the articular cartilage of the trochlear notch of the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy|ulna]]. It fuses with the collateral ligaments. Paired '''collateral ligaments''' attach the epicondyles to the tuberosities of the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy|radius]] and [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy|ulna]].

===Carpal Joint===

===Carpal Joint===

The carpal joint is a compound joint composed of:

The carpal joint is a compound joint composed of:

:The '''antebrachiocarpal joint''' between the radius/ulna and the proximal carpal bones

:The '''antebrachiocarpal joint''' between the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy|radius/ulna]]and the proximal [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy|carpal bones]]

:The '''middle carpal joint''' between the two rows of carpal bones

:The '''middle carpal joint''' between the two rows of [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy|carpal bones]]

:The '''carpometacarpal joint''' between the distal carpal bones and the proximal metacarpals

:The '''carpometacarpal joint''' between the distal [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy|carpal bones]] and the proximal [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy|metacarpals]]

The joint is a synovial joint, comprising a common outer fibrous capsule and three inner synovial pouches, one for each joint. '''Collateral ligaments''' extend from the radius to the metacarpal bones on the medial and lateral aspect of the carpus. The '''carpal canal''' houses both the superficial and deep digital flexor tendon within a common synovial sheath.

The joint is a synovial joint, comprising a common outer fibrous capsule and three inner synovial pouches, one for each joint. '''Collateral ligaments''' extend from the radius to the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy|metacarpal bones]] on the medial and lateral aspect of the carpus. The '''carpal canal''' houses both the superficial and deep digital flexor tendon within a common synovial sheath.

===Metacarpophalangeal (Fetlock) Joint===

===Metacarpophalangeal (Fetlock) Joint===

The fetlock joint allows flexion and extension movements. This joint is associated with a pair of sesamoid bones on the palmar surface. Between the sesamoids in a groove lies articular cartilage which articulates with the sagittal ridge of metacarpal III. The joint capsule runs between all bones in the joint and  attaches to the articular cartilage of the sesamoids. It has an extensive pouch under the extensor tendon continuing a quarter the length up the cannon bone. The '''collateral ligaments''' bind the metacarpal bone to the proximal phalanx, with a deep branch attaching to the sesamoid bone. The '''palmar/intersesamoidean ligament''' is a mass of fibrocartilage that embed the sesamoid bones. The palmar aspect of it forms a groove for the deep flexor tendon to run in. The '''collateral sesamoid ligaments''' connect the outer aspect of the sesamoids to the proximal phalanx and there is a distinct branch that attaches to the cannon bone. The '''distal sesamoid ligaments''' are a collection of ligaments that are very marked in the horse and connect the distal surface of the sesamoids to the palmar aspect of the phalanx. These ligaments include the '''short ligaments''', '''cruciate ligaments''', '''oblique ligament''', '''straight ligament''' and the '''palmer annular ligament'''. The '''short ligaments''' connect the axial base of the sesamoids to the lateral/medial aspect on the palmar margin of the proximal phalanx. These are the deepest of the ligaments. The '''cruciate ligaments''' are paired ligaments from the base of the sesamoids that diagonally cross to attach to the proximal phalanx. It lies superficial to the short ligaments. The '''oblique ligament''' is a triangular shaped ligament, the base of which attaches to the sesamoids and their interconnecting ligament and the point attaches to the rough palmar aspect of the proximal phalanx. It is superficial to the cruciates. The '''straight ligament'''  proximally attaches like the oblique but attaches as a flat band to the edge of the complementary fibrocartilage of the proximal end of the middle phalanx. Finally, the '''palmar annular ligament''' wraps around the sesamoids, flexor tendons and their associated sheaths.

The fetlock joint allows flexion and extension movements. This joint is associated with a pair of sesamoid bones on the palmar surface. Between the sesamoids in a groove lies articular cartilage which articulates with the sagittal ridge of [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy|metacarpal III]]. The joint capsule runs between all bones in the joint and  attaches to the articular cartilage of the sesamoids. It has an extensive pouch under the extensor tendon continuing a quarter the length up [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy|metacarpal III]]. The '''collateral ligaments''' bind the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy|metacarpal bone]] to the proximal phalanx, with a deep branch attaching to the sesamoid bone. The '''palmar/intersesamoidean ligament''' is a mass of fibrocartilage that embed the sesamoid bones. The palmar aspect of it forms a groove for the deep flexor tendon to run in. The '''collateral sesamoid ligaments''' connect the outer aspect of the sesamoids to the proximal phalanx and there is a distinct branch that attaches to [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy|metacarpal III]]. The '''distal sesamoid ligaments''' are a collection of ligaments that are very marked in the horse and connect the distal surface of the sesamoids to the palmar aspect of the phalanx. These ligaments include the '''short ligaments''', '''cruciate ligaments''', '''oblique ligament''', '''straight ligament''' and the '''palmer annular ligament'''. The '''short ligaments''' connect the axial base of the sesamoids to the lateral/medial aspect on the palmar margin of the proximal phalanx. These are the deepest of the ligaments. The '''cruciate ligaments''' are paired ligaments from the base of the sesamoids that diagonally cross to attach to the proximal phalanx. It lies superficial to the short ligaments. The '''oblique ligament''' is a triangular shaped ligament, the base of which attaches to the sesamoids and their interconnecting ligament and the point attaches to the rough palmar aspect of the proximal phalanx. It is superficial to the cruciates. The '''straight ligament'''  proximally attaches like the oblique but attaches as a flat band to the edge of the complementary fibrocartilage of the proximal end of the middle phalanx. Finally, the '''palmar annular ligament''' wraps around the sesamoids, flexor tendons and their associated sheaths.

<br />

<br />