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===Clinical signs and locations of URT pathology===
 
===Clinical signs and locations of URT pathology===
 
**Nasal discharge
 
**Nasal discharge
***Relation to choana?
+
***Bilateral discharge:
****Caudal eg: pharyngeal lesion; LRT lesion in horses
+
****Lesion is caudal to nasal septum eg: pharyngeal lesion; LRT lesion in horses  
***Bilateral discharge
+
****Lesion has resulted in nasal septum destruction
****Cranial eg: nasal or sinus lesion; pharyngeal or guttaral pouch lesion in horses
  −
***Unilateral discharge
  −
****Nasal septum destruction
   
*****Neoplasia
 
*****Neoplasia
****Fungal infection
+
*****Fungal infection
 +
***Unilateral discharge:
 +
****Lesion is cranial to nasal septum eg: nasal or sinus lesion; pharyngeal or guttaral pouch lesion in horses
 
**Type of discharge
 
**Type of discharge
**Serous
+
***Serous
**Catarrhal
+
***Catarrhal
**Purrulent
+
***Purrulent
**Haemorrhage
+
***Haemorrhage
**Sneezing - nasal
+
**Clinical signs
**Facial swelling - nasal, pharyngeal
+
***Sneezing - nasal
**Pain - any location
+
***Facial swelling - nasal, pharyngeal
**Coughing - pharynx, larynx, trachea
+
***Pain - any location
**Dyspnoea/altered air flow
+
***Coughing - pharynx, larynx, trachea
**Respiratory noise
+
***Dyspnoea/altered air flow
•*Functional anatomy
+
***Respiratory noise
 +
===Functional anatomy===
 
**Mucosa
 
**Mucosa
 
**Mucosal epithelium
 
**Mucosal epithelium
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