Changes

==Pathology of the upper airways==

==Pathology of the upper airways==

*Developmental abnormalities  

===Developmental abnormalities===

**Palatoschisis

*Palatoschisis

**Nasal deviation

*Nasal deviation

**All brachycephalic dog and cat breeds!

*All brachycephalic dog and cat breeds!

***Esp. English Bulldogs - stenotic nares, wide/long soft palate, hypoplastic trachea

**Esp. English Bulldogs - stenotic nares, wide/long soft palate, hypoplastic trachea

*CIrculatory diseases

===CIrculatory diseases===

**Epistaxis

*Epistaxis

***Haemorrhage from the nose

**Haemorrhage from the nose

***Causes

**Causes

****Inflammation eg: ulcerative rhinitis

***Inflammation eg: ulcerative rhinitis

****Neoplasia eg: infiltrating tumour, haemangioma

***Neoplasia eg: infiltrating tumour, haemangioma

****Trauma  

***Trauma  

****Clotting defects

***Clotting defects

***Horse:

**Horse:

****Haemorrhagic nasal polyp

***Haemorrhagic nasal polyp

*****'Ethmoid haematoma', 'Progressive haematoma' - arise from the ethmoid region and can extend to fill the nasal cavity. They can be difficult to control as they can recur after surgery.  

****'Ethmoid haematoma', 'Progressive haematoma' - arise from the ethmoid region and can extend to fill the nasal cavity. They can be difficult to control as they can recur after surgery.  

*****Histology - multiple areas of acute to chronic haemorrhage within a fibrous tissue stroma.

****Histology - multiple areas of acute to chronic haemorrhage within a fibrous tissue stroma.

****Exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage

***Exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage

*Inflammatory disease

===Inflammatory disease===

**Inflammation in the URT can be classified on:

*Inflammation in the URT can be classified on:

***Location

**Location

****Nasal cavity - rhinitis

***Nasal cavity - rhinitis

****Paranasal sinuses - sinusitis

***Paranasal sinuses - sinusitis

****Guttural pouch and eustachian tube - eustachitis

***Guttural pouch and eustachian tube - eustachitis

****Pharynx - pharyngitis

***Pharynx - pharyngitis

**Type

**Type

***Grossly many inflammatory processes (eg: response to viral or bacterial infection) in the URT will begin as a serous discharge, and then progress to a catarrhal exudate, and then to purulent/pseudomembranous/haemorrhagic as neutrophils are recruited

***Grossly many inflammatory processes (eg: response to viral or bacterial infection) in the URT will begin as a serous discharge, and then progress to a catarrhal exudate, and then to purulent/pseudomembranous/haemorrhagic as neutrophils are recruited