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==Thoracic Limb==

==[[Forelimb - Anatomy & Physiology|Thoracic Limb]]==

===Shoulder Joint===

===Shoulder Joint===

The shoulder joint is the articulation between the glenoid cavity of the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Scapula|scapula]] and the head of the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Humerus|humerus]] . In the horse, lateral and medial movements of this joint are impossible due to the shape of the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Humerus|humeral]] head; movement is therefore limited to flexion and extension. The joint is strengthened by  the medial and lateral '''glenohumeral ligaments'''. There is also an additional '''coracohumeral ligament''' between the supraglenoid tubercle and the greater tubercle of the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Humerus|humerus]] .

The shoulder joint is the articulation between the glenoid cavity of the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Scapula|scapula]] and the head of the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Humerus|humerus]]. In the horse, lateral and medial movements of this joint are impossible due to the shape of the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Humerus|humeral]] head; movement is therefore limited to flexion and extension. The joint is strengthened by  the medial and lateral '''glenohumeral ligaments'''. There is also an additional '''coracohumeral ligament''' between the supraglenoid tubercle and the greater tubercle of the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Humerus|humerus]].

In the horse, there is no sheath surrounding the bicipital tendon; instead there is an '''intertubercular bursa'''. This bursa lies between the humeral tubercles, cushioning the bicipital tendon, but does not communicate with the cavity of the shoulder joint. The bursa and tendon are held in place by the '''transverse humeral retinaculum''', running between the greater and lesser tubercles of the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Humerus|humerus]].

In the horse, there is no sheath surrounding the bicipital tendon; instead there is an '''intertubercular bursa'''. This bursa lies between the humeral tubercles, cushioning the bicipital tendon, but does not communicate with the cavity of the shoulder joint. The bursa and tendon are held in place by the '''transverse humeral retinaculum''', running between the greater and lesser tubercles of the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Humerus|humerus]].

===Elbow Joint===

===Elbow Joint===

The articulation between the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Humerus|humeral]] condyle, trochlear notch of the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Radius and Ulna|ulna]] and the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Radius and Ulna|radial head]] . The joint capsule attaches to the articular surface of the condyle, the periphery of the olecranon fossa and the articular cartilage of the trochlear notch of the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Radius and Ulna|ulna]]. Ligaments of the elbow include:

The elbow joint is the articulation between the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Humerus|humeral]] condyle, trochlear notch of the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Radius and Ulna|ulna]] and the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Radius and Ulna|radial head]]. The joint capsule attaches to the articular surface of the condyle, the periphery of the olecranon fossa and the articular cartilage of the trochlear notch of the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Radius and Ulna|ulna]]. Ligaments of the elbow include:

*'''Lateral (radial) collateral ligament''': Attaches to the lateral [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Humerus|humeral]] epicondyle, the caudal (ulnar) branch is absent in the horse.

*'''Lateral (radial) collateral ligament''': Attaches to the lateral [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Humerus|humeral]] epicondyle, the caudal (ulnar) branch is absent in the horse.

*'''Medial (ulnar) collateral ligament''': Attaches to the medial [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Humerus|humeral]] epicondyle and inserts on the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Radius and Ulna|ulna]] and [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Radius and Ulna|radius]]. The cranial part of the ligament is the remnant of the ''pronator teres'' muscle in horses.

*'''Medial (ulnar) collateral ligament''': Attaches to the medial [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Humerus|humeral]] epicondyle and inserts on the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Radius and Ulna|ulna]] and [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Radius and Ulna|radius]]. The cranial part of the ligament is the remnant of the ''pronator teres'' muscle in horses.

===Metacarpophalangeal (Fetlock) Joint===

===Metacarpophalangeal (Fetlock) Joint===

The fetlock joint is the articulation between the trochlea of [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Metacarpals and Metatarsals|third metacarpal]] (cannon bone), the [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Proximal Phalanx|proximal phalanx]] and the proximal sesamoid bones; it allows flexion and extension movements. The joint capsule is divided into a dorsal and palmar pouch.  The dorsal pouch extends between [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Metacarpals and Metatarsals|third metacarpal]] (cannon bone) and the [[Tendons - Horse Anatomy#Extensors|common digital extensor tendon]].  The palmar pouch lies between [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Metacarpals and Metatarsals|third metacarpal]] (cannon bone) and the suspensory ligament.  It has an extensive bursa under the [[Tendons - Horse Anatomy#Extensors|common digital extensor tendon]], continuing a quarter of the length up the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Metacarpals and Metatarsals|third metacarpal]]. This joint is associated with a pair of proximal sesamoid bones on the palmar surface. Between the sesamoids, in a groove, lies articular cartilage which articulates with the sagittal ridge of [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Metacarpals and Metatarsals|third metacarpal]]. The joint capsule runs between all bones in the joint and  attaches to the articular cartilage of the sesamoids.

The fetlock joint is the articulation between the trochlea of [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Metacarpals and Metatarsals|third metacarpal]] (cannon bone), the [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Proximal Phalanx|proximal phalanx]] and the proximal sesamoid bones; it allows flexion and extension movements. The joint capsule is divided into a dorsal and palmar pouch.  The dorsal pouch extends between [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Metacarpals and Metatarsals|third metacarpal]] (cannon bone) and the [[Tendons - Horse Anatomy#Extensors|common digital extensor tendon]].  The palmar pouch lies between [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Metacarpals and Metatarsals|third metacarpal]] (cannon bone) and the suspensory ligament.  It has an extensive bursa under the [[Tendons - Horse Anatomy#Extensors|common digital extensor tendon]], continuing a quarter of the length up the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Metacarpals and Metatarsals|third metacarpal]]. This joint is associated with a pair of proximal sesamoid bones on the palmar surface. Between the sesamoids, in a groove, lies articular cartilage which articulates with the sagittal ridge of [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Metacarpals and Metatarsals|third metacarpal]]. The joint capsule runs between all bones in the joint and  attaches to the articular cartilage of the sesamoids.

Ligamentous support:

Ligamentous support:

The '''collateral ligaments''' connect the distal part of the [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Middle Phalanx|middle phalanx]] to the medial and lateral sides of the proximal [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Distal Phalanx|distal phalanx]] . The '''distal sesamoid ligaments''' connect the distal border of the [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Distal Sesamoid (Navicular) Bone|navicular bone]] to the flexor surface of the [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Distal Phalanx|distal phalanx]] . The '''collateral sesamoid ligaments''' are fibroelastic ligaments that attach to the [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Proximal Phalanx|proximal phalanx]] with the collateral ligaments of the pastern joint and insert to the proximal border of the [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Distal Sesamoid (Navicular) Bone|navicular bone]] . The [[Hoof - Horse Anatomy#Ungual Cartilages|ungual/lateral cartilages]] have a series of ligaments going to the medial/lateral surfaces of the three phalanges and [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Distal Sesamoid (Navicular) Bone|distal sesamoid (navicular bone)]] . There is also a fibrous band connecting the inner surfaces of the cartilages by crossing the superficial aspect of the [[Tendons - Horse Anatomy#Flexors|deep digital flexor tendon]] .

The '''collateral ligaments''' connect the distal part of the [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Middle Phalanx|middle phalanx]] to the medial and lateral sides of the proximal [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Distal Phalanx|distal phalanx]] . The '''distal sesamoid ligaments''' connect the distal border of the [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Distal Sesamoid (Navicular) Bone|navicular bone]] to the flexor surface of the [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Distal Phalanx|distal phalanx]] . The '''collateral sesamoid ligaments''' are fibroelastic ligaments that attach to the [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Proximal Phalanx|proximal phalanx]] with the collateral ligaments of the pastern joint and insert to the proximal border of the [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Distal Sesamoid (Navicular) Bone|navicular bone]] . The [[Hoof - Horse Anatomy#Ungual Cartilages|ungual/lateral cartilages]] have a series of ligaments going to the medial/lateral surfaces of the three phalanges and [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Distal Sesamoid (Navicular) Bone|distal sesamoid (navicular bone)]] . There is also a fibrous band connecting the inner surfaces of the cartilages by crossing the superficial aspect of the [[Tendons - Horse Anatomy#Flexors|deep digital flexor tendon]] .

==Pelvic Limb==

==[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology|Pelvic Limb]]==

====[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Sacroiliac Joint|Sacroiliac Joint]]====

====[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Sacroiliac Joint|Sacroiliac Joint]]====

In horses the short branch of the '''dorsal sacroiliac ligaments''' connects the sacral tuberosity to the spinous processes of the sacrum. The '''sacrotuberous ligament''' is a broad sheet-like ligament, which extends between the transverse processes of the first caudal vertebrae and the dorsal border of [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Ischium|ischium]] and [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Ilium|ilium]]. In this ligament are the '''lesser and greater ischiatic foramen''', these are present to allow for blood vessels, nerves and tendons.

In horses the short branch of the '''dorsal sacroiliac ligaments''' connects the sacral tuberosity to the spinous processes of the sacrum. The '''sacrotuberous ligament''' is a broad sheet-like ligament, which extends between the transverse processes of the first caudal vertebrae and the dorsal border of [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Ischium|ischium]] and [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Ilium|ilium]]. In this ligament are the '''lesser and greater ischiatic foramen''', these are present to allow for blood vessels, nerves and tendons.

====[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Coxafemoral|Coxafemoral/Hip Joint]]====

====[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Coxofemoral/Hip Joint|Coxofemoral/Hip Joint]]====

The horse has a limited range of hip movement compared to the dog. This is mainly restricted to flexion and extension and is a result of the conformation of its [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Femur|femoral head]], intra-articular ligaments and a large muscle mass around the joint. The '''ligament of the femoral head''' extends from the acetabulum to the fovea on the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Femur|femoral head]]. Unlike other species, the horse also has an extra ligament present in the joint; the '''accessory ligament'''. The accessory ligament arises from the tendon of insertion of  the ''rectus abdominis'' muscle and to a lesser extent ''external abdominal oblique'' muscle as part of the ''prepubic tendon'' and inserts on the fovea. Both ligaments pass through '''acetabular notch'''.

The horse has a limited range of hip movement compared to the dog. This is mainly restricted to flexion and extension and is a result of the conformation of its [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Femur|femoral head]], intra-articular ligaments and a large muscle mass around the joint. The '''ligament of the femoral head''' extends from the acetabulum to the fovea on the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Femur|femoral head]]. Unlike other species, the horse also has an extra ligament present in the joint; the '''accessory ligament'''. The accessory ligament arises from the tendon of insertion of  the ''rectus abdominis'' muscle and to a lesser extent ''external abdominal oblique'' muscle as part of the ''prepubic tendon'' and inserts on the fovea. Both ligaments pass through '''acetabular notch'''.

===Tarsal Joint (Hock)===

===Tarsal Joint (Hock)===

The hock has four levels of articulation: tarsocrural joint, proximal intertarsal joint, distal intertarsal joint and tarsometatarsal joint.  In the horse, the distal three permit almost no movement (high impact, low motion joint).

The hock has four levels of articulation: tarsocrural joint, proximal intertarsal joint, distal intertarsal joint and tarsometatarsal joint.  In the horse, the distal three permit almost no movement (high impact, low motion joint).

*Budras, K. Sack, W.O., Anatomy of the Horse, 6th Edition (2012), Schlutersche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG

*Budras, K. Sack, W.O., Anatomy of the Horse, 6th Edition (2012), Schlutersche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG

[[Category:To Do - AP Review]]

 

[[Category:Musculoskeletal System - Horse Anatomy]]