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*Motile
*Motile
*Catalase positive, oxidase negative
*Catalase positive, oxidase negative
*''Bacillus anthracis'' colonies are up to 5mm diameter, flat, dry, grey, with a ground-glass appearance; curled outgrowthsfrom the edge of the colony give a 'medusa head' appearance; non-haemolytic (differentiate from ''Bacillus cereus'')
*''Bacillus anthracis'' colonies are up to 5mm diameter, flat, dry, grey, with a ground-glass appearance; curled outgrowth sfrom the edge of the colony give a 'medusa head' appearance; non-haemolytic (differentiate from ''Bacillus cereus'')
*''Bacillus licheniformis'' forms dull, rough, wrinkled colonies, with hair-like outgrowths
*''Bacillus licheniformis'' forms dull, rough, wrinkled colonies, with hair-like outgrowths
*Biochemical tests for identification
*Biochemical tests for identification
**Protective antigen binds to the cell receptor to allow action of the other factors
**Protective antigen binds to the cell receptor to allow action of the other factors
**The toxin kills phagocytes, increases capillary permeability and interferes with clotting cascade
**The toxin kills phagocytes, increases capillary permeability and interferes with clotting cascade
**Capillary thrombosis; leakage of fluid through damaged capillary endothelium
**Systemic shock from circulatory collapse, haemorrhage and oedema lead to death of the animal
**Causes tissues to darken and swell due to oedema and necrosis
**Causes tissues to darken and swell due to oedema and necrosis
*Clinical signs:
*Clinical signs:
**Cattle:
**Cattle/sheep:
***Fatal peracute septicaemia
***Fatal peracute septicaemia
***Capillary thrombosis; leakage of fluid through damaged capillary endothelium
***Animals usually found dead
***Systemic shock from circulatory collapse, haemorrhage and oedema lead to death of the animal
***Pyrexia, depression, congested mucous membranes and petechiae before death
***Abortion, subcutaneous oedema and dysentry in animals surviving more that one day
***Post mortem: bloat, incomplete rigor mortis, ecchymoses, oedema, dark unclotted blood, blooy fluid in body cavities, splenomegaly
**Pigs:
**Pigs:
***Subacute anthrax with oedematous pharyngeal swelling; intestinal form with high mortality
***Subacute anthrax with oedematous pharyngeal swelling; intestinal form with high mortality
**Horses:
**Horses:
***Subacute anthrax with localised oedema; septicaemia with colic and enteritis
***Subacute anthrax with localised oedema; septicaemia with colic and enteritis