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**Excreted intermittently in milk for years
**Excreted intermittently in milk for years
**Seminal vesicles, ampullae, testicles and epididymus infected in bulls; necrotising orchitis
**Seminal vesicles, ampullae, testicles and epididymus infected in bulls; necrotising orchitis
**Decreased fertility and milk production
**Decreased fertility in cows and bulls; decreased milk production
**Localisation in spleen and lymphatic tissue of non-pregnant animals
*Caprine and ovine brucellosis:
**Caused by ''B. melitensis''
**Goats more susceptible
**Abortion, orchitis in males, arthritis, hygromas
**May not have protective immunity following abortion
**Rose Bengal agglutination test and complement fixation test
**Test and slaughter where exotic
*Ovine epididymitis
**Caused by ''B. ovis''
**Epididymitis in rams and placentitis in ewes
**Reduced fertility in rams, sporadic abortion and peinatal mortality
**Venereal transmission
**Long latent period in rams following infection (present in semen 5 weeks after infection)
**Premating checks on rams - serological tests and scrotal palpation
**Testicular atrophy and swollen epididymis in chronically-infected rams
**Agar gel immunodiffusion test, complement fixation test and indirect ELISA
**Vaccination of young rams with ''B. melitensis'' vaccine or ''B. ovis'' bacterin
*Porcine brucellosis:
**Caused by ''B. suis''
**
*Modified Ziehl-Neelson stains reveal organisms in samples from cotyledons, uterine discharge and foetal abomasal contents
*Modified Ziehl-Neelson stains reveal organisms in samples from cotyledons, uterine discharge and foetal abomasal contents
*PCR for detection in tissue
*PCR for detection in tissue
*Brucellin for intradermal testing for ''B. abortus''
*Enriched media for isolation
*Enriched media for isolation
*Complement fixation test
*Indirect and competitive ELISA
*Serum agglutination test
*Antiglobulin test
===Control===
===Control===
*Vaccination:
*Test and slaughter program has eradicated bovine brucellosis in the UK
**Strain S19, a live vaccine, stimulating a cell-mediated immune response; vaccination of young animals; interferes with serological testing
*Vaccination of heifers against ''B. abortus'' in endemic regions:
**Newer RB51 vaccine has no LPS O-antigen therefore not detcted by serological tests
**Strain S19, a live attenuated vaccine, stimulating a cell-mediated immune response; vaccination of young animals; interferes with serological testing
**45/20 bacterin vaccine less effective
**Newer RB51 vaccine has no LPS O-antigen therefore not detected by serological tests and gives good protection
*Live attenuated ''Brucella melitensis'' vaccine to protect lambs and kids against ''B. melitensis''