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* Clinical genital abnormalities
* Clinical genital abnormalities
* Presence of sex chromatin bodies in circulating leukocytes of the male co-twin
* Presence of sex chromatin bodies in circulating leukocytes of the male co-twin
* Chimerism (XX/XY) of haemopoeitic cells. Blood tests can be used to demonstrate different chromosome complement in nucleated WBC and presence of two blood groups in each twin.
* Chimerism (XX/XY) of haemopoeitic cells. Blood tests can be used to demonstrate different chromosome complement in nucleated leukocytes and presence of two blood groups in each twin.
* Rectal palpation and vaginoscopy reveal a shortened vagina
* Rectal palpation and vaginoscopy reveal a shortened vagina
** In calves 1-4 weeks old, the vagina is normally 13-15cm in length compared to 5-6cm in a freemartin.
** In calves 1-4 weeks old, the vagina is normally 13-15cm in length compared to 5-6cm in a freemartin.