| − | '''Benzodiazepines''' are the only class of drug that consistently succeeds in all models, but this may be why they have a dangerous '''disinhibitory effect on aggression'''. These drugs eliminate avoidant responses to many kinds of aversive events, increasing confidence in a number of exploratory tests. This is why benzodiazepines can cause dangerous levels of disinhibition in aggressive dogs. Benzodiazepines also inhibit memory formation by affecting NMDA (glutamate) receptors in the hippocampus, which limits their usefulness in behavioural therapy where any kind of learning is required, which is in most situations. They are useful for memory blocking if given at sub-sedative doses prior to or during a predicted traumatic event such as a thunderstorm. When used at low doses, they act as mild tranquillisers, this can help moderate excitement. At medium doses they lessen anxiety, which can encourage social interaction in a constructive way <ref name="Overall">Overall, K.L., 2004. Paradigms for pharmacologic use as a treatment component in feline behavioral medicine. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 6, 29-42.</ref>.
| + | Synthetic hormone analogues like megestrol acetate (Ovarid), have little or no rational use in behavioural therapy for reasons of non-specificity, and adverse effects which make their use unjustifiable. Phenothiazines such as ACP have a very varied level of effect and duration of action and affect both normal and abnormal behaviours without significantly altering emotional state, which is an out of date approach to behavioural therapy<ref name="Overall" />. |
| − | Drugs such as Acepromazine (ACP), which act on dopamine receptors, and synthetic hormone analogues like megestrol acetate (Ovarid), have little or no rational use in behavioural therapy for reasons of non-specificity, and adverse effects which make their use unjustifiable.
| + | Licensed drugs have established data about their efficacy, side effects, contraindications and toxicity, which makes expected outcomes more reliable<ref>Merck Veterinary Manual (10th Edition) - [http://www.merckmanuals.com/vet/behavior.html Behaviour]. 2011 The Merck Publishing Group.</ref>. Their use is supported by one or more controlled studies. |
| − | The first port of call when using medication for behavioural problems should be drugs licensed for veterinary use. These drugs have established data about their efficacy, side effects, contraindications and toxicity, which makes expected outcomes more reliable<ref>Merck Veterinary Manual (10th Edition) - [http://www.merckmanuals.com/vet/behavior.html Behaviour]. 2011 The Merck Publishing Group.</ref>.
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