Changes

====Cats:====  

====Cats:====  

Clinical signs of vitamin E deficiency in cats and kittens include anorexia, depression, myopathy, and pansteatitis (i.e., painful nodular inflammation of adipose tissue)<ref>Gershoff SN and Norkin SA. Vitamin E deficiency in cats. J Nutr 1962;77:303-308.</ref><ref>Dennis JM and Alexander RW. Nutritional myopathy in a cat. Vet Rec 1982;111:195-196.</ref><ref name="Niza">Niza MM, et al. Feline pansteatitis revisited: hazards of unbalanced home-made diets. J Feline Med Surg 2003;5:271-277.</ref>. The level of vitamin E required to prevent clinical sign of deficiency is directly related to the level of dietary PUFAs.

Clinical signs of vitamin E deficiency in cats and kittens include anorexia, depression, myopathy, and pansteatitis (i.e., painful nodular inflammation of adipose tissue)<ref>Gershoff SN and Norkin SA. Vitamin E deficiency in cats. J Nutr 1962;77:303-308.</ref><ref>Dennis JM and Alexander RW. Nutritional myopathy in a cat. Vet Rec 1982;111:195-196.</ref><ref name="Niza">Niza MM, et al. Feline pansteatitis revisited: hazards of unbalanced home-made diets. J Feline Med Surg 2003;5:271-277.</ref>. The level of vitamin E required to prevent clinical sign of deficiency is directly related to the level of dietary PUFAs.

*'''Influence of Diet''': The metabolic requirement for vitamin E is dependent on the PUFA concentration in the diet as well as the degree of peroxidation that occurs during processing and storage<ref name="Chow"/><ref name="NRC"/>. Diets high in fat and specifically high in long-chain omega-3 PUFAs will increase the tocopherol requirements in the diet<ref name="Davidson"/><ref name="Niza"/><ref>Hendricks WH, et al. Vitamin E requirement of adult cats increased slightly with high dietary intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids. J Nutr 2002;132:1613S-1615S.</ref>. Recycling of α-tocopherol is also impaired with concurrent high intakes of vitamin C (a water-soluble vitamin that is not a dietary required for dogs and cats); supplementation with vitamin C may increase vitamin E requirements<ref>Chen LH. Interaction of vitamin E and ascorbic acid (review). In Vivo 1989;3:199-209.</ref>.

====Influence of Diet:====

The metabolic requirement for vitamin E is dependent on the PUFA concentration in the diet as well as the degree of peroxidation that occurs during processing and storage<ref name="Chow"/><ref name="NRC"/>. Diets high in fat and specifically high in long-chain omega-3 PUFAs will increase the tocopherol requirements in the diet<ref name="Davidson"/><ref name="Niza"/><ref>Hendricks WH, et al. Vitamin E requirement of adult cats increased slightly with high dietary intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids. J Nutr 2002;132:1613S-1615S.</ref>. Recycling of α-tocopherol is also impaired with concurrent high intakes of vitamin C (a water-soluble vitamin that is not a dietary required for dogs and cats); supplementation with vitamin C may increase vitamin E requirements<ref>Chen LH. Interaction of vitamin E and ascorbic acid (review). In Vivo 1989;3:199-209.</ref>.

==Toxicity==

==Toxicity==