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== Consequences of Vitamin E Deficiency ==

== Consequences of Vitamin E Deficiency ==

====Dogs:====  

====Dogs:====  

Vitamin E deficiency in dogs can develop anorexia, reproductive failure, skeletal and endocardial muscle degeneration, retinal degeneration, dermatitis, and subcutaneous [[oedema]]<ref>Elvehjem CA, et al. The effect of vitamin E on reproduction of dogs on milk diets. J Pediatr 1944;24:436-441.</ref><ref>Van Vleet JF. Experimentally induced vitamin E-selenium deficiency in the growing dog. JAVMA 1975; 166:769-774.</ref><ref name="Davidson">Davidson MG, et al. Retinal degeneration associated with vitamin E deficiency in hunting dogs. JAVMA 1998;213:645-651.</ref>. Dogs with concurrent intestinal disease affecting absorption of dietary fat (i.e. a [[Protein Losing Enteropathy|protein-losing enteropathy]]) as well as dogs with [[:Category:Liver Pathology|liver disease]] are at a higher risk of developing relative α-tocopherol deficiencies despite adequate dietary intake.

Vitamin E deficiency in dogs can develop anorexia, reproductive failure, skeletal and endocardial muscle degeneration, retinal degeneration, dermatitis, and subcutaneous [[oedema]]<ref>Elvehjem CA, et al. The effect of vitamin E on reproduction of dogs on milk diets. J Pediatr 1944;24:436-441.</ref><ref>Van Vleet JF. Experimentally induced vitamin E-selenium deficiency in the growing dog. JAVMA 1975; 166:769-774.</ref><ref name="Davidson">Davidson MG, et al. Retinal degeneration associated with vitamin E deficiency in hunting dogs. JAVMA 1998;213:645-651.</ref>. Dogs with concurrent intestinal disease affecting absorption of dietary fat (i.e. a [[Protein Losing Enteropathy|protein-losing enteropathy]]) as well as dogs with [[Liver - Pathology|liver disease]] are at a higher risk of developing relative α-tocopherol deficiencies despite adequate dietary intake.

====Cats:====  

====Cats:====