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| The specific [[Energy - Nutrition|energy]] need of an individual pet can be estimated using a mathematical equation that relates energy requirements to bodyweight <ref name="NRC"/>, and in most species (including dogs and cats) this is best estimated from an exponential equation based on bodyweight <ref name=''Kleiber''> Kleiber, M. '''The Fire of Life.''' 1961. ''New York: John Wiley and Sons''.</ref>. It is important to note that [[Energy - Nutrition|different equations]] exist for healthy adult dogs and cats, puppies, kittens, gestating or lactating mothers, and overweight pets <ref name="NRC" />. | | The specific [[Energy - Nutrition|energy]] need of an individual pet can be estimated using a mathematical equation that relates energy requirements to bodyweight <ref name="NRC"/>, and in most species (including dogs and cats) this is best estimated from an exponential equation based on bodyweight <ref name=''Kleiber''> Kleiber, M. '''The Fire of Life.''' 1961. ''New York: John Wiley and Sons''.</ref>. It is important to note that [[Energy - Nutrition|different equations]] exist for healthy adult dogs and cats, puppies, kittens, gestating or lactating mothers, and overweight pets <ref name="NRC" />. |
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− | In addition to bodyweight, there are a number of other factors that influence the energy requirement of the pet. These include activity, life-stage, reproductive status, and environmental conditions. Activity level can contribute to more than 30% of the daily energy requirement in highly active working dogs, such as Border Collies <ref name="NRC" />. However, recent studies have shown that adult pet dogs are relatively ‘inactive’ receiving on average only 4 walks of 40 minutes duration per week <ref name=''Christian''>Christian, NE, et al. '''Dog ownership and physical activity: A review of the evidence.''' ''J. Phys Act Health 2013''; 10:750-759</ref>. The energy requirement of inactive dogs is lower than their active counterparts <ref name=Bermingham>Bermingham EN et al. '''Energy requirement of adult dogs.''' ''[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27417154 PLOSone 2014; 9:e109681.]'' </ref> <ref name=Thes>Thes, M, et al. '''Metabolizable energy intake of client-owned adult dogs.''' ''[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/274171548 J. Anim. Phys. Anim. Nutr.]'' </ref> and this represents a more realistic starting point for most adult pet dogs and cats. | + | In addition to bodyweight, there are a number of other factors that influence the energy requirement of the animal. These include activity, life-stage, reproductive status, and environmental conditions. Activity level can contribute to more than 30% of the daily energy requirement in highly active working dogs, such as Border Collies <ref name="NRC" />. However, recent studies have shown that adult pet dogs are relatively ‘inactive’ receiving on average only 4 walks of 40 minutes duration per week <ref name=''Christian''>Christian, NE, et al. '''Dog ownership and physical activity: A review of the evidence.''' ''J. Phys Act Health 2013''; 10:750-759</ref>. The energy requirement of inactive dogs is lower than their active counterparts <ref name=Bermingham>Bermingham EN et al. '''Energy requirement of adult dogs.''' ''[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27417154 PLOSone 2014; 9:e109681.]'' </ref> <ref name=Thes>Thes, M, et al. '''Metabolizable energy intake of client-owned adult dogs.''' ''[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/274171548 J. Anim. Phys. Anim. Nutr.]'' </ref> and this represents a more realistic starting point for most adult pet dogs and cats. |
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| Equations to calculate energy requirements can be complex and cumbersome to use (table 1). Using these equations, energy requirements have been calculated for adult dogs, adult cats, puppies and kittens <font color="red">(link to excel file)</font> | | Equations to calculate energy requirements can be complex and cumbersome to use (table 1). Using these equations, energy requirements have been calculated for adult dogs, adult cats, puppies and kittens <font color="red">(link to excel file)</font> |
− | | + | <font color = "red">references in table</font> |
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| !align="left" width="50%" bgcolor="#D9EAFA"|<i>Adult Cats<ref name="Bermingham" /></i> | | !align="left" width="50%" bgcolor="#D9EAFA"|<i>Adult Cats<ref name="Bermingham" /></i> |
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− | !align="left" width="50%"|Based on inactive adult dogs<br>• '''ER''' = 95 x W<sup>0.75</sup> kcal d<sup>-1</sup><br>Where: <br>• W = actual body weight | + | !align="left" width="50%"|Based on inactive adult dogs<br>• '''ER''' = 95 x W<sup>0.75</sup> kcal/d<br>Where: <br>• W = actual body weight |
| !align="left" width="50%"|<br>• '''ER''' = 77.4 x W<sup>0.711</sup> kcal d<sup>-1</sup><br>Where: <br>• W = actual body weight | | !align="left" width="50%"|<br>• '''ER''' = 77.4 x W<sup>0.711</sup> kcal d<sup>-1</sup><br>Where: <br>• W = actual body weight |
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| !align="left" width="50%" bgcolor="#D9EAFA"|<i>Kittens After Weaning<ref name="NRC" /></i> | | !align="left" width="50%" bgcolor="#D9EAFA"|<i>Kittens After Weaning<ref name="NRC" /></i> |
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− | !align="left" width="50%"|ER = 130 x W<sup>0.75</sup> x 3.2 x [e (<sup>-0.87p</sup>) – 0.1] kcal d<sup>-1</sup><br> Where: <br>• W = actual body weight, <br>• W<sub>m</sub> = predicted mature adult weight <br>• p = W/W<sub>m</sub> <br>• e = base of natural log ~2.718 | + | !align="left" width="50%"|ER = 130 x W<sup>0.75</sup> x 3.2 x [e (<sup>-0.87p</sup>) – 0.1] kcal/d<br> Where: <br>• W = actual body weight, <br>• W<sub>m</sub> = predicted mature adult weight <br>• p = W/W<sub>m</sub> <br>• e = base of natural log ~2.718 |
− | !align="left" width="50%"|Step 1: <br>• ME = 100W<sup>0.67</sup> X 6.7[e<sup>-0.189p</sup> – 0.66] kcal d<sup>-1</sup><br>Step 2: <br>• ER = ME X 6.7[e<sup>-0.189p</sup> – 0.66] kcal d<sup>-1</sup> <br>Where: <br>• W = actual body weight <br>• p = W/W<sub>m</sub> <br>• W<sub>m</sub> = expected mature body weight | + | !align="left" width="50%"|Step 1: <br>• ME = 100W<sup>0.67</sup> X 6.7[e<sup>-0.189p</sup> – 0.66] kcal/d<br>Step 2: <br>• ER = ME X 6.7[e<sup>-0.189p</sup> – 0.66] kcal/d<br>Where: <br>• W = actual body weight <br>• p = W/W<sub>m</sub> <br>• W<sub>m</sub> = expected mature body weight |
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| |} | | |} |