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===Sphenoid Bone===
 
===Sphenoid Bone===
*
+
 
 +
*Forms the base of the neurocranium
 +
 
 +
*Composed of a body and wings
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 +
*Bones separated by cartilage which ossifies with age
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 +
*Presphenoid (os praespenoidale)
 +
**Rostrally
 +
**Rostral caudal fossa
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**Hollow body with sphenoid sinuses located inside
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**Sphenoid rostrum present
 +
**Optic chiasma
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**Optic Canal
 +
 
 +
*Basisphenoid (os basispenoidalis)
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**Caudally
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**Median cranial fossa
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**The wings oppose the temporal bone, maxilla, orbit and the brain
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**Wings form the oval foramen and other foramen (see species differences) carotid notch, oval foramen and spinous notch (in the horse)
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**Pterygoid processes present
 +
**Alar canal (rostral and caudal alar foramen)
    
===Temporal Bone===
 
===Temporal Bone===
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*Hypoglossal Canal
 
*Hypoglossal Canal
 
**Between paracondylar and condylar processes on lateral part of occipital bone
 
**Between paracondylar and condylar processes on lateral part of occipital bone
 +
 +
*Optic Chiasma
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**Runs in transverse depression behind sphenoid rostrum on presphenoid bone
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 +
*Optic Canal
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**Ends from optic chiasma over wings of the presphenoid bones
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 +
*Oval Foramen
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**Caudal wing of the basisphenoid bones
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 +
*Alar Canal
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**Rostral border of the basisphenoid bone at the base of the pterygoid processes
    
==Species Differences==
 
==Species Differences==
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*External sagittal crest arises from nuchal crest
 
*External sagittal crest arises from nuchal crest
    +
*Wings of the basisphenoid bones form the oval foramen, spinous foramen and carotid canal
 +
 +
*No foramen lacernum
 
[[Image:Lion skull.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Feline skull (Lion) - Copyright RVC]]
 
[[Image:Lion skull.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Feline skull (Lion) - Copyright RVC]]
 
===Feline===
 
===Feline===
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*Weak external sagittal crest arises from nuchal crest
 
*Weak external sagittal crest arises from nuchal crest
 +
 +
*Wings of the basisphenoid bones form the oval foramen, spinous foramen and carotid canal
 +
 +
*No foramen lacernum
 
[[Image:Horse Skeleton.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Horse Skeleton - Copyright Nottingham]]
 
[[Image:Horse Skeleton.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Horse Skeleton - Copyright Nottingham]]
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**Vascular notch on mandible
 
**Vascular notch on mandible
 
**High ramus
 
**High ramus
 +
 +
*Wings of the basisphenoid bones form the oval foramen, spinous notch and carotid notch
 +
 +
*Foramen lacernum present
 
[[Image:Sheep skull.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Sheep skull - Copyright RVC]]
 
[[Image:Sheep skull.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Sheep skull - Copyright RVC]]
 
===Ruminant===
 
===Ruminant===
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*Nasoincisive notch present
 
*Nasoincisive notch present
 +
 +
*Wings of the basisphenoid bones form the oval foramen
 +
 +
*No foramen lacernum
 
[[Image:Pig skull.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Pig skull showing tusks - Copyright RVC]]
 
[[Image:Pig skull.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Pig skull showing tusks - Copyright RVC]]
 
===Porcine===
 
===Porcine===
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