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New page: {{toplink |backcolour = D1EEEE |linkpage =Cardiorespiratory System - Pathology |linktext =Cardiorespiratory System |maplink = Cardiorespiratory System (Content Map) - Pathology |pagetype ...
{{toplink
|backcolour = D1EEEE
|linkpage =Cardiorespiratory System - Pathology
|linktext =Cardiorespiratory System
|maplink = Cardiorespiratory System (Content Map) - Pathology
|pagetype =Pathology
|sublink1=Pleural Cavity and Membranes - Pathology
|subtext1=PLEURAL CAVITY AND MEMBRANES
}}
<br>
==Pleuritis==
*Inflammation of the pleura
*Common in animals
*Inflammatory agents reach the pleura by:
**Extension from [[Lungs - inflammatory|pneumonia]]
***Pleuropneumonia (fibrinous [[Lungs - inflammatory#Bronchopneumonia|bronchopneumonia]])- inflammation of [[Mesothelial cells|mesothelial cells]] associated with parenchymal disease due to bacterial infection
**Bloodstream
**Trans-diaphragmatic lymphatics from [[Peritoneal cavity - inflammatory|peritoneal cavity]]
**Penetration of the chest
**From mediastinal abscessation
**Penetration from [[Oesophagus - Anatomy & Physiology|oesophagus]] or abdominal viscus (commonly [[Forestomach - Inflammation#Traumatic Reticulitis|bovine traumatic recticulitis]])
*Common acute forms:
**Purulent
**Fibrinous
***Common sequele:
****Organising fibrinous pleuritis in which the visceral pleura becomes enveloped in a restrictive fibrous blanket
****Pleural adhesions, especially common in ruminants and pigs
*Granulomatous pleuritis may cause [[Bones - hyperplastic and neoplastic#Hypertrophic osteopathy|hypertrophic osteopathy]]
===Pyothorax (Thoracic empyema)===
*Purulent effusion in the pleural space
*Most significant in:
**'''Horses'''
***Usually secondary to [[Lungs - inflammatory|pneumonia]] or [[Lungs - inflammatory#Pulmonary abscesses|lung abscesses]]
***[[Streptococci|''Streptococci'']] are most commonly isolated
***Usually yellow exudate
***Often triggered by stress of travelling, competition or similar
**'''Dogs'''
***Often results from migrating grass awns
***[[Actinomycetes|''Actinomyces, Nocardia'']] and [[Bacteroides|''Bacteroides'' spp.]] are the most frequently recovered organisms
***Usually blood stained viscous or creamy exudate, often bilateral
***Yellowish granules may be present within the exudate
***Thickened pleura, sometimes fibrinous
**'''Cats'''
***Pathogenesis is unclear, possible due to bite wounds or penetrated oesophagus
***[[Pasteurella species and Mannheimia haemolytica|''P. multocida'']] and other Gram-negative organisms are frequently recovered
***Usually creamy yellow or greyish brown exudate, often bilateral
=='''Infectious causes of pleuritis'''==
{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"
| .
| [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology|'''VIRAL''']]
| [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology|'''BACTERIAL''']]
| [[Respiratory Fungal Infections - Pathology|'''FUNGAL''']]
| [[Respiratory Parasitic Infections - Pathology|'''PARASITIC''']]
|-
| '''Dogs'''
| .
| [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Nocardiosis|''Nocardia'']]
| .
| .
|-
| .
| .
| [[Actinomycetes|''Actinomyces'']] and [[Bacteroides|''Bacteroides'' spp.]]
| .
| .
|-
| .
| .
| [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Tuberculosis in dogs|Tuberculosis]]
| .
| .
|-
| '''Cats'''
| [[Intestines - Granulomatous Enteritis#Feline Infectious Peritonitis|FIP]]
| [[Pasteurella species and Mannheimia haemolytica|''P. multocida'']] and other Gram-negative organisms
| .
| .
|-
| '''Horses'''
| [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Hendra virus|Hendra virus]]
| extension from nasopharyngeal flora
| .
| .
|-
| .
| .
| [[Streptococci|''Streptococci'']]
| .
| .
|-
| '''Cattle'''
| .
| [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Pneumonic pasteurellosis|Pneumonic pasteurellosis]]
| .
| .
|-
| .
| .
| [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Tuberculosis|Tuberculosis]]
| .
| .
|-
| .
| .
| [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP)|Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia]]
| .
| .
|-
| '''Sheep'''
| .
| [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of lambs|Enzootic pneumonia]]
| .
| .
|-
| '''Pigs'''
| [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Swine influenza|Swine influenza]]
| [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae|''Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae'']]
| .
| .
|-
| .
| .
| [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Pasteurellosis in pigs|Pasteurellosis]]
| .
| .
|-
| .
| .
| [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Contagious porcine pleuropneumonia|Contagious porcine pleuropneumonia]]
| .
| .
|-
| .
| .
| [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Glasser's disease|Glasser's disease]]
| .
| .
|-
|}
|backcolour = D1EEEE
|linkpage =Cardiorespiratory System - Pathology
|linktext =Cardiorespiratory System
|maplink = Cardiorespiratory System (Content Map) - Pathology
|pagetype =Pathology
|sublink1=Pleural Cavity and Membranes - Pathology
|subtext1=PLEURAL CAVITY AND MEMBRANES
}}
<br>
==Pleuritis==
*Inflammation of the pleura
*Common in animals
*Inflammatory agents reach the pleura by:
**Extension from [[Lungs - inflammatory|pneumonia]]
***Pleuropneumonia (fibrinous [[Lungs - inflammatory#Bronchopneumonia|bronchopneumonia]])- inflammation of [[Mesothelial cells|mesothelial cells]] associated with parenchymal disease due to bacterial infection
**Bloodstream
**Trans-diaphragmatic lymphatics from [[Peritoneal cavity - inflammatory|peritoneal cavity]]
**Penetration of the chest
**From mediastinal abscessation
**Penetration from [[Oesophagus - Anatomy & Physiology|oesophagus]] or abdominal viscus (commonly [[Forestomach - Inflammation#Traumatic Reticulitis|bovine traumatic recticulitis]])
*Common acute forms:
**Purulent
**Fibrinous
***Common sequele:
****Organising fibrinous pleuritis in which the visceral pleura becomes enveloped in a restrictive fibrous blanket
****Pleural adhesions, especially common in ruminants and pigs
*Granulomatous pleuritis may cause [[Bones - hyperplastic and neoplastic#Hypertrophic osteopathy|hypertrophic osteopathy]]
===Pyothorax (Thoracic empyema)===
*Purulent effusion in the pleural space
*Most significant in:
**'''Horses'''
***Usually secondary to [[Lungs - inflammatory|pneumonia]] or [[Lungs - inflammatory#Pulmonary abscesses|lung abscesses]]
***[[Streptococci|''Streptococci'']] are most commonly isolated
***Usually yellow exudate
***Often triggered by stress of travelling, competition or similar
**'''Dogs'''
***Often results from migrating grass awns
***[[Actinomycetes|''Actinomyces, Nocardia'']] and [[Bacteroides|''Bacteroides'' spp.]] are the most frequently recovered organisms
***Usually blood stained viscous or creamy exudate, often bilateral
***Yellowish granules may be present within the exudate
***Thickened pleura, sometimes fibrinous
**'''Cats'''
***Pathogenesis is unclear, possible due to bite wounds or penetrated oesophagus
***[[Pasteurella species and Mannheimia haemolytica|''P. multocida'']] and other Gram-negative organisms are frequently recovered
***Usually creamy yellow or greyish brown exudate, often bilateral
=='''Infectious causes of pleuritis'''==
{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"
| .
| [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology|'''VIRAL''']]
| [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology|'''BACTERIAL''']]
| [[Respiratory Fungal Infections - Pathology|'''FUNGAL''']]
| [[Respiratory Parasitic Infections - Pathology|'''PARASITIC''']]
|-
| '''Dogs'''
| .
| [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Nocardiosis|''Nocardia'']]
| .
| .
|-
| .
| .
| [[Actinomycetes|''Actinomyces'']] and [[Bacteroides|''Bacteroides'' spp.]]
| .
| .
|-
| .
| .
| [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Tuberculosis in dogs|Tuberculosis]]
| .
| .
|-
| '''Cats'''
| [[Intestines - Granulomatous Enteritis#Feline Infectious Peritonitis|FIP]]
| [[Pasteurella species and Mannheimia haemolytica|''P. multocida'']] and other Gram-negative organisms
| .
| .
|-
| '''Horses'''
| [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Hendra virus|Hendra virus]]
| extension from nasopharyngeal flora
| .
| .
|-
| .
| .
| [[Streptococci|''Streptococci'']]
| .
| .
|-
| '''Cattle'''
| .
| [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Pneumonic pasteurellosis|Pneumonic pasteurellosis]]
| .
| .
|-
| .
| .
| [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Tuberculosis|Tuberculosis]]
| .
| .
|-
| .
| .
| [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP)|Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia]]
| .
| .
|-
| '''Sheep'''
| .
| [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of lambs|Enzootic pneumonia]]
| .
| .
|-
| '''Pigs'''
| [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Swine influenza|Swine influenza]]
| [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae|''Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae'']]
| .
| .
|-
| .
| .
| [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Pasteurellosis in pigs|Pasteurellosis]]
| .
| .
|-
| .
| .
| [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Contagious porcine pleuropneumonia|Contagious porcine pleuropneumonia]]
| .
| .
|-
| .
| .
| [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Glasser's disease|Glasser's disease]]
| .
| .
|-
|}