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Rhinitis (view source)

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'''For an overview of respiratory infections see [[Respiratory System Inflammation - Pathology]]'''
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='''Rhinitis'''=
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[[Image:Mucoid rhinitis.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Mucoid rhinitis (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
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*Acute or chronic
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*Aetiology
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**Infectious
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**Allergic
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**Toxic
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**Traumatic e.g. foreign bodies
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*Serous cells usually first to respond to a noxious agent, releasing secretions into the mucocilliary blanket
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*'''Serous rhinitis''' - typical mild 'runny nose'
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**Loss of cilia and hydropic degeneration of epithelial cells
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**Epithelium becomes susceptible to secondary bacterial infections, including overgrowth of resident nasopharyngeal flora
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**Goblet cells become stimulated, changing the secretions into a thick opaque mucus ->
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*'''Catarrhal rhinitis'''
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**Contains mucus, emigrating leukocytes and few sloughed epithelial cells
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*'''Mucopurulent''' and then '''purulent rhinitis'''
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**When secondary bacterial infection is severe, migrating neutrophils pour into the exudate
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**More severe damage to the nasal mucosa causes vascular permeability and seepage of large molecular weight proteins, including fibrinogen, into the exudate ->
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*'''Fibrinopurulent''' and '''fibrinous rhinitis'''
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*'''Fibronecrotic''' and '''ulcerative rhinitis''' are manifestations of very severe damage to the nasal mucosa
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='''Chronic rhinitis'''=
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*Happens when acute rhinitis fails to resolve - common
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*Typically catarrhal or purulent
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*In chronic purulent rhinitis
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**Extensive fibrosis of the lamina propria
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**Atrophy of nasal glands
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**Squamous cell [[General Pathology - Disorders of Cell Growth#Metaplasia|metaplasia]]
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*-> Impaired local defences
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*Superficial fibrinous membrane can be peeled of without leaving dmaged tissue underneath
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*Deeper fibronecrotic lesions associated with [[Fusobacterium|''Fusobacterium necrophorum'']] - yellowish fibronecrotic membrane, when removed, leaves ulcerated surface
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*May manifest as [[Nasal cavity - hyperplastic and neoplastic#Nasal polyps|nasal polyps]], [[Nasal cavity - hyperplastic and neoplastic#Progressive ethmoidal haematoma|progressive haematoma]] in horses and [[Nasopharynx Hyperplastic and Neoplastic - Pathology#Nasopharyngeal polyp of cats|nasopharyngeal polyp]] of cats
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='''Allergic rhinitis'''=
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*Occurs in dogs, cats and horses, may occur seasonally in cattle, especially Channel Island breeds
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*Similar inflammatory changes as above
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*Due to hypersensitivity to inhaled allergens
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*Eosinophils tend to be the dominant infiltrating leukocytes
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*Grossly:
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**Pale, thick, oedematous nasal mucosa
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*Histologically:
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**Hyperplastic, eroded nasal epithelium, eosinophil infiltrate
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*If chronic -> '''Nasal granuloma'''
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**Extends caudally, even to larynx and proximal trachea
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**Grossly:
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***Granular hyperplastic epithelium with multiple nodules covered by normal epithelium
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**Hisologically:
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***Centre of [[General Pathology - Chronic Inflammation#Granulation tissue|granulation tissue]] surrounded by oedematous lamina propria covered by hyperplastic epithelium
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***Goblet cell hyperplasia
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***Eosinophil infiltration
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<big>[[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology#Sinusitis|'''Sinusitis''']] '''is a common sequel to rhinitis'''</big>
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='''Infectious causes of rhinitis'''=
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{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"
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| .
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| [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology|'''VIRAL''']]
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| [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology|'''BACTERIAL''']]
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| [[Respiratory Fungal Infections - Pathology|'''FUNGAL''']]
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| [[Respiratory Parasitic Infections - Pathology|'''PARASITIC''']]
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|-
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| '''Dogs'''
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| [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Canine distemper|Canine distemper]]
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| secondary
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| [[Respiratory Fungal Infections - Pathology#In Dogs|''A. fumigatus'']]
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| [[Respiratory Parasitic Infections - Pathology#In Dogs|''Linguatula serrata]]
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|-
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| .
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| [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Parainfluenza- 2|Parainfluenza- 2]]
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| .
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| [[Respiratory Fungal Infections - Pathology#In Dogs|''C. neoformans'']]
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| [[Respiratory Parasitic Infections - Pathology#Capillaria aerophila|''Capillaria aerophila'']]
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|-
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| .
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| [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Canine herpes virus|Canine herpes virus]]
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| .
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| .
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| .
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|-
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| '''Cats'''
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| [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Feline viral rhinotracheitis|Feline viral rhinotracheitis]]
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| secondary
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| [[Respiratory Fungal Infections - Pathology#In Cats|''Cryptococcus neoformans'']]
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| [[Respiratory Parasitic Infections - Pathology#In Cats|''Linguatula serrata]] sometimes
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|-
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| .
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| [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Feline calicivirus|Feline calicivirus]]
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| .
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| [[Respiratory Fungal Infections - Pathology#In Cats|''Aspergillus fumigatus'']]
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| [[Respiratory Parasitic Infections - Pathology#Capillaria aerophila|''Capillaria aerophila'']]
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|-
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| '''Horses'''
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| [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Equine rhinovirus|Equine rhinovirus]]
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| [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|Strangles]]
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| [[Respiratory Fungal Infections - Pathology#In Horses|''Aspergillus'' spp.]]
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| [[Respiratory Parasitic Infections - Pathology#In Horses|''Parascaris equorum'']]
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|-
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| .
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| [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Equine influenza|Equine influenza]]
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| [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus|''Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus'']]
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| .
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| .
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|-
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| .
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| [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Equine rhinopneumonitis|Equine rhinopneumonitis]]
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| [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Glanders|Glanders]]
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| .
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| .
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|-
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| .
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| [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Equine viral arteritis (EVA)|Equine viral arteritis]]
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| .
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| .
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| .
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|-
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| '''Cattle'''
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| [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)|Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis]]
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| secondary
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| .
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| .
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|-
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| .
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| [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Parainfluenza- 3|Parainfluenza- 3]]
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| subclinical [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#CAR bacillus|''CAR bacillus'']]
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| .
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| .
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|-
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| .
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| [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Bovine adenovirus|Bovine adenovirus]]
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| .
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| .
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| .
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|-
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| '''Sheep'''
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| [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Parainfluenza- 3|Parainfluenza- 3]]
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| subclinical [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#CAR bacillus|''CAR bacillus'']]
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| .
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| [[Respiratory Parasitic Infections - Pathology#Oestrus ovis|''Oestrus ovis'' larvae]]
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|-
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| '''Pigs'''
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| [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Inclusion body rhinitis|Inclusion body rhinitis]]
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| [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Atrophic Rhinitis|Atrophic rhinitis]]
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| .
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| .
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|-
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| .
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| [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Swine influenza|Swine influenza]]
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| .
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| .
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| .
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|-
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|}
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'''For an overview of respiratory infections see [[Respiratory System Inflammation - Pathology]]'''
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