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===Functions of cytokines===

===Functions of cytokines===

'''Mediating and regulating innate immunity''': bacterial and viral products, such as LPS, stimulate macrophages and natural killer cells to secrete cytokines that primarily act on endothelial cells and leukocytes. They stimulate the early stages of the inflammatory reaction to microbes.

*'''Mediating and regulating innate immunity''': bacterial and viral products, such as LPS, stimulate macrophages and natural killer cells to secrete cytokines that primarily act on endothelial cells and leukocytes. They stimulate the early stages of the inflammatory reaction to microbes.

'''Mediating and regulating adaptive immunity''': in response to specific recognition by T lymphocytes, cytokines are produced that have a wide range of functions, including:

*'''Mediating and regulating adaptive immunity''': in response to specific recognition by T lymphocytes, cytokines are produced that have a wide range of functions, including:

*regulating the growth and differentiation of some lymphocyte populations

*regulating the growth and differentiation of some lymphocyte populations

*recruitment, activation and regulation of specialised effector cells, e.g. mononuclear phagocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils

*recruitment, activation and regulation of specialised effector cells, e.g. mononuclear phagocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils

'''Stimulating haematopoiesis''': produced primarily by bone marrow stromal cells and leukocytes, these cytokines stimulate the growth and differentiation of immature leukocytes

*'''Stimulating haematopoiesis''': produced primarily by bone marrow stromal cells and leukocytes, these cytokines stimulate the growth and differentiation of immature leukocytes