Changes

The agglutination test is often carried out in round-bottomed test tubes, with doubling dilutions of the antiserum (i.e. 1:2, 1:4, 1:8...). The particulate antigen is then added and the mixture incubated at 37 degrees C. The last tube showing clear agglutination constitutes the end of the test. The dilution at which the test ends is known as the '''titre'''- the number of antibodies per unit volume of the serum.  

The agglutination test is often carried out in round-bottomed test tubes, with doubling dilutions of the antiserum (i.e. 1:2, 1:4, 1:8...). The particulate antigen is then added and the mixture incubated at 37 degrees C. The last tube showing clear agglutination constitutes the end of the test. The dilution at which the test ends is known as the '''titre'''- the number of antibodies per unit volume of the serum.  

*An excess of antibody can inhibit agglutination reactions, again in much the same way as a precipitation reaction- this is known as the '''prozone effect'''. At high antibody concentrations, the number of epitopes is outnumbered by antibody binding sites. This means the antibodies bind to the antigen univalently, so are unable to cross-link antigen. This often happens in the first few tubes of the test, so the agglutination often only happens in those containing more dilute antiserum.

*An excess of antibody can inhibit agglutination reactions, again in much the same way as a precipitation reaction- this is known as the '''prozone effect'''. At high antibody concentrations, the number of epitopes is outnumbered by antibody binding sites. This means the antibodies bind to the antigen univalently, so are unable to cross-link antigen. This often happens in the first few tubes of the test, so the agglutination often only happens in those containing more dilute antiserum.

===Applications===  

===Applications===  

*'''Virus diagnosis''': some viruses, such as the myxoviruses, cause agglutination of the red blood cells. Antibodies inhibit this process and can be detected in a patient's serum for diagnosis.  

*'''Virus diagnosis''': some viruses, such as the myxoviruses, cause agglutination of the red blood cells. Antibodies inhibit this process and can be detected in a patient's serum for diagnosis.  

*'''Coombs test''': agglutination of red blood cells is an indication that certain antibodies are present on the cell surface, e.g. testing for Rh disease in newborn babies.

*'''Coombs test''': agglutination of red blood cells is an indication that certain antibodies are present on the cell surface, e.g. testing for Rh disease in newborn babies.