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Mayazoey
Joined 31 July 2007
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Young B, Heath, JW: Wheater's Functional Histology: A Text and Colour Atlas, 4th ed, pp. 249-274. Churchill Livinstone, London, England, 2000.
Young B, Heath, JW: Wheater's Functional Histology: A Text and Colour Atlas, 4th ed, pp. 249-274. Churchill Livinstone, London, England, 2000.
== Pathology ==
=== Developmental Anomalies ===
==== Segmental ====
Segmental anomalies of the intestines are common and range from incomplete occlusion (stenosis) to complete occlusion (atresia) of the lumen.
===== Atresia ani =====
*A common congenital defect of the lower gastrointestinal tract.
*Both the anus and rectum can be affected.
*Occurs in all species but is most often seen in calves and pigs.
===== Atresia coli =====
*Considered the most common segmental anomaly of the intestine in domestic animals.
*Can affect in particular the spiral colon of Holstein calves and the small colon of foals.
===== Atresia ilei =====
*It is less common to see atresia in the small intestine.
*Mostly seen in calves.
==== Persistent Meckel's diverticulum ====
*Meckel's diverticulum is a remnant of the omphalomesenteric duct of the yolk sac.
*Is usually an incidental finding though it can be associated with impaction and or intussusception.
==== Megacolon ====
*Occurs in cats, dogs, and pigs.
*May be due to a lack of myenteric plexuses that occurs when neuroblasts fail to migrate from the nerual crest to the colorectal myenteric plexuses.
*Congenital colonic agangliosis, a condition occurring in white foals, can lead to megacolon. It is thought to be an autosomal recessive condition.
'''References''' <br /br>
Brown CC, Baker DC, Barker IK: Alimentary System. In: Jubb, Kennedy and Palmer's Pathology of Domestic Animals, ed. Maxie MG, 5th ed., pp. 1-296. Elsevier, Philadelphia, PA, 2007.
McGavin DM & Zachary, JF: Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease, 4th ed, pp. 301-393. Elsevier, St. Louis, Missouri, 2007.
=== Physical Disturbances ===
==== Obstruction ====
Intestinal obstruction can be the sequel to either mechanical or functional causes. Mechanical obstruction occurs due to physical blockage of the intestinal lumen whereas functional obstruction results from a decrease or inhibition of intestinal motility due to loss of smooth muscle contraction. (Brown et. al, 2007).
===== Physical =====
Physical obstruction of the intestine, either acute or chronic, can occur in all species of animals. Acute obstruction usually involves the upper or middle small intestine whereas chronic obstruction typically occurs in the distal small intestine or large intestine. Causes of obstruction can be divided into three main categories: intraluminal, intramural, or extrinsic. Intraluminal causes include food impaction and foreign bodies, intramural causes include neoplasia and extrinsic causes include adhesions, neoplasia and prostate enlargement.
====== Enteroliths [picture] ======
====== Foreign Bodies ======
====== Impaction ======
====== Extrinsic ======
Neoplasia, Adhesions, Prostate enlargement
===== Functional =====
====== Megacolon ======
====== Dysautonomia ======
Grass sickness in horses, Feline
==== Displacement ====
===== Hernias =====
====== Internal ======
====== External ======
===== Volvulus and Torsion =====
====== Ruminants======
caecal dilatation and torsion
====== Equine ======
right and left dorsal displacement
colonic torsion and volvulus
===== Intussusception =====
===== Renosplenic entrapment =====
=== Vascular Disturbances ===
pathogenesis
==== Venous congestion ====
==== Arterial thromboembolism ====
=== Inflammation ===
pathogenesis
* enteritis
* typhlitis
* colitis
* proctitis
? about subheadings as many fit under specific pathogens
notes subcategorising by types of enteritis???
==== Diseases of the epithelium ====
===== Diseases of absorptive enterocytes =====
===== Diseases of undifferentiated crypt cells =====
==== Diseases of the lamina propria ====
==== Inflammatory bowel disease ====
description of
===== Lymphocytic/plasmacytic enteritis =====
===== Idiopathic mucosal colitis =====
===== Eosinophilic enteritis =====
===== Granulomatous enteritis =====
===== Colitis =====
====== Typhlocolitis ======
in dogs: pipe to species specific section
includes histiocytic unlcerative colitis
trichuris vulpis, pipe to parasites
=== Neoplastic and Proliferative Lesions ===
description
==== Intesinal adenoma ====
==== Intestinal adenocarcinoma ====
==== Lymphoma ====
==== Mast cell tumours ====
==== Intestinal stromal tumours ====
=== Diarrhoea ===
definition and pathogenesis
characteristics of l.i. diarrhoea
=== Miscellaneous ===
==== Caecal or large intestine rupture ====
==== Diverticula ====
==== Intestinal lipofuscinosis ====
== Diseases due to pathogens ==
== Diseases due to pathogens ==