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− | |linkpage =Reproductive System - Anatomy & Physiology
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− | |linktext =Reproductive System
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− | |maplink = Reproductive System (Content Map) - Anatomy & Physiology
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− | |sublink1=Reproductive System - Anatomy & Physiology#Camelids_.28LLamas_.26_Alpacas.29
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| All camelidae are born in a relatively advanced stage of development and should be relatively active and capable of holding their heads up high as well as standing, nursing and walking unaided within a few minutes to one hour after birth. | | All camelidae are born in a relatively advanced stage of development and should be relatively active and capable of holding their heads up high as well as standing, nursing and walking unaided within a few minutes to one hour after birth. |
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| ** Very friable and can be easily removed with only the slightest friction. | | ** Very friable and can be easily removed with only the slightest friction. |
| ** Close examination of this epidermal membrane is very helpful in evaluating prematurity and the degree of stress in the newborn. | | ** Close examination of this epidermal membrane is very helpful in evaluating prematurity and the degree of stress in the newborn. |
− | *** In premature camelidae the membrane is firmly attached to the extremities, and in case of [[Parturition_-_Risks_in_Parturition_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Dystocia|dystocia]] or prolonged birth, the epidermal membrane becomes yellow because of the increased defecation and even diarrhea of the fetus. | + | *** In premature camelidae the membrane is firmly attached to the extremities, and in case of [[Dystocia|dystocia]] or prolonged birth, the epidermal membrane becomes yellow because of the increased defecation and even diarrhea of the fetus. |
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| == Normal Parameters == | | == Normal Parameters == |
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| * The suckling reflex is usually shown within the first 30 minutes. | | * The suckling reflex is usually shown within the first 30 minutes. |
− | * Camelidae are born agammaglobulinemic because of the lack of [[Gestation -Placenta - Anatomy & Physiology|placental]] transfer of [[Immunoglobulin_G_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|immunoglobulins]]. | + | * Camelidae are born agammaglobulinemic because of the lack of [[Placenta - Anatomy & Physiology|placental]] transfer of [[Immunoglobulin_G|immunoglobulins]]. |
− | * Rely exclusively on passive immunity absorbed from maternal [[Lactation_-_Milk_Composition_and_Biosynthesis-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Colostrum|colostrum]] for their protection against infection during the first weeks of their life. | + | * Rely exclusively on passive immunity absorbed from maternal [[Milk Composition and Biosynthesis- Anatomy & Physiology#Colostrum|colostrum]] for their protection against infection during the first weeks of their life. |
− | * [[Lactation_-_Milk_Composition_and_Biosynthesis-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Colostrum|Colostrum]] absorption is possible during the first 24 hours of life, with the maximum absorption being achieved during the first 8 to 12 hours. | + | * [[Milk Composition and Biosynthesis- Anatomy & Physiology#Colostrum|Colostrum]] absorption is possible during the first 24 hours of life, with the maximum absorption being achieved during the first 8 to 12 hours. |
− | * Failure of passive transfer of [[Lactation_-_Milk_Composition_and_Biosynthesis-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Colostrum|colostral]] [[Immunoglobulin_G_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|immunoglobulin]] is the major factor in neonatal mortality in alpacas and probably also in other camelidae. | + | * Failure of passive transfer of [[Milk Composition and Biosynthesis- Anatomy & Physiology#Colostrum|colostral]] [[Immunoglobulin_G|immunoglobulin]] is the major factor in neonatal mortality in alpacas and probably also in other camelidae. |
− | * Newborn cria should receive 10% of their body weight in [[Lactation_-_Milk_Composition_and_Biosynthesis-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Colostrum|colostrum]], preferably within the first 12 hours after birth, with half of this amount given in the first 6 hours after birth. | + | * Newborn cria should receive 10% of their body weight in [[Milk Composition and Biosynthesis- Anatomy & Physiology#Colostrum|colostrum]], preferably within the first 12 hours after birth, with half of this amount given in the first 6 hours after birth. |
− | * Many factors such as cold weather or heat stress, lack of mothering, delivery by caesarean section and metabolic disturbances can can negatively affect the absorption of [[Immunoglobulin_G_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|immunoglobulin]]. | + | * Many factors such as cold weather or heat stress, lack of mothering, delivery by caesarean section and metabolic disturbances can can negatively affect the absorption of [[Immunoglobulin_G|immunoglobulin]]. |
− | * If the dam does not have enough [[Lactation_-_Milk_Composition_and_Biosynthesis-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Colostrum|colostrum]], and no other camelid [[Lactation_-_Milk_Composition_and_Biosynthesis-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Colostrum|colostrum]] is available, then cow or goat [[Lactation_-_Milk_Composition_and_Biosynthesis-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Colostrum|colostrum]] may be used as a substitute. | + | * If the dam does not have enough [[Milk Composition and Biosynthesis- Anatomy & Physiology#Colostrum|colostrum]], and no other camelid [[Milk Composition and Biosynthesis- Anatomy & Physiology#Colostrum|colostrum]] is available, then cow or goat [[Milk Composition and Biosynthesis- Anatomy & Physiology#Colostrum|colostrum]] may be used as a substitute. |
− | * In normal circumstances, the calf is left with the dam once it has been determined that the dam is producing [[Lactation_-_Milk_Composition_and_Biosynthesis-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Colostrum|colostrum]]. | + | * In normal circumstances, the calf is left with the dam once it has been determined that the dam is producing [[Milk Composition and Biosynthesis- Anatomy & Physiology#Colostrum|colostrum]]. |
− | ** This is important because maternal bonding enhances absorption of [[Lactation_-_Milk_Composition_and_Biosynthesis-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Colostrum|colostrum]]. | + | ** This is important because maternal bonding enhances absorption of [[Milk Composition and Biosynthesis- Anatomy & Physiology#Colostrum|colostrum]]. |
− | * If the calf is not seen suckling by 3 hours after birth, then [[Lactation_-_Milk_Composition_and_Biosynthesis-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Colostrum|colostrum]] should be milked out and bottle-fed to the calf. | + | * If the calf is not seen suckling by 3 hours after birth, then [[Milk Composition and Biosynthesis- Anatomy & Physiology#Colostrum|colostrum]] should be milked out and bottle-fed to the calf. |
− | ** If the calf has a poor suckling reflex, administration of [[Lactation_-_Milk_Composition_and_Biosynthesis-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Colostrum|colostrum]] should be initiated via a stomach tume (as in lambs). | + | ** If the calf has a poor suckling reflex, administration of [[Milk Composition and Biosynthesis- Anatomy & Physiology#Colostrum|colostrum]] should be initiated via a stomach tume (as in lambs). |
| * Vitamin E-selenium preparations can be given intramuscularly to neonates born in selenium deficient regions. | | * Vitamin E-selenium preparations can be given intramuscularly to neonates born in selenium deficient regions. |
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| + | [[Category:Bullet Points]] |
| + | [[Category:Camelid Reproduction]] |