| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| − | {{unfinished}}
| + | #REDIRECT[[:Category:Paramyxoviridae]] |
| − | | |
| − | {{toplink
| |
| − | |linkpage =Viruses
| |
| − | |linktext =VIRUSES
| |
| − | |pagetype=Bugs
| |
| − | }}
| |
| − | <br>
| |
| − | | |
| − | =Introduction=
| |
| − | | |
| − | =Morphology=
| |
| − | *Single-stranded negative-sense unsegmented RNA virus
| |
| − | *Reassortment and antigenic shift cannot occur
| |
| − | *Spike proteins include
| |
| − | **'''HN''' (Haemagglutinin and Neuraminidase)
| |
| − | **'''F''' (Fusion glycoprotein), which allows the virus to fuse directly to the plasma membrane and release its RNA
| |
| − | ***F also causes syncitium to form, which aids diagnosis
| |
| − | ***Host antibody response to the F protein is the basis for vaccination
| |
| − | | |
| − | =Virulence=
| |
| − | *Paramyxoviruses replicate in the epithelium of the upper respiratory tract as well as occasionally in the gut
| |
| − | **Sites of spike protein cleavage
| |
| − | *Virulence varies by virus, see below
| |
| − | | |
| − | =Types and Subtypes=
| |
| − | Paramoyxoviridae was reclassified in 2000 to include 2 subfamilies and 5 genera:
| |
| − | *''Paramoyxovirinae'':
| |
| − | **[[Paramyxoviridae#Bovine Parainfluenza - 3 (PI-3)| Bovine Parainfluenza 3]]
| |
| − | **[[Paramyxoviridae#Canine Parainfluenza - 2|Canine Parainfluenza 2]]
| |
| − | **[[Paramyxoviridae#Murine Parainfluenza - 1 (Sendai virus)|Murine Parainfluenza 1 (Sendai virus)]]
| |
| − | **[[Paramyxoviridae#Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV)|Newcastle Disease (NDV)]] - avian paramyxovirus serotype 1
| |
| − | **Avian Paramyxoviruses serotypes 2-9
| |
| − | **[[Paramyxoviridae#Reptilian Paramyxoviruses|Reptilian Paramyxoviruses]]
| |
| − | **Mumps
| |
| − | **''Morbilliviruses''
| |
| − | ***[[Paramyxoviridae#Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)|Canine Distemper (CDV)]]
| |
| − | ***Rinderpest
| |
| − | ***Pest de petit ruminant (PPR)
| |
| − | ***Measels
| |
| − | ***Seal virus - phocine distemper
| |
| − | ***Dolphin Morbillivirus
| |
| − | ***[[Paramyxoviridae#Hendra Virus|Hendra virus]]
| |
| − | ***[[Paramyxoviridae#Nipah Virus|Nipah virus]]
| |
| − | *''Pneumovirinae''
| |
| − | **[[Paramyxoviridae#Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV)|Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV)]]
| |
| − | **Turkey Rhinotracheitis Virus
| |
| − | | |
| − | =Antigenic Variation=
| |
| − | *Antigenic conservation allows some cross protection by vaccination:
| |
| − | **Conservation of major virus-specific F/HN antigens means vaccines protect against '''all isolates''' of the same virus
| |
| − | **Minor morbillivirus-specific epitopes on F allows some cross protection between '''canine distemper, measles, and rinderpest'''
| |
| − | *Antigenic "fingerprinting" is possible for some viruses based on minor variable epitopes of HN, F and NP on specific isolates as detected by monoclonal antibodies
| |
| − | **These are detected by immunostaining infected cells
| |
| − | | |
| − | =Paramyxoviridae by Species=
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Avian==
| |
| − | ===[[Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV)]]===
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Canine==
| |
| − | ===[[Canine Parainfluenza - 2 (aka Parainfluenza - 5)]]===
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===[[Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)]]===
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Bovine==
| |
| − | ===[[Bovine Parainfluenza - 3 (PI-3)]]===
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV)===
| |
| − | *'''Pathogenesis''':
| |
| − | **More serious than [[Paramyxoviridae#Parainfluenza -3 (PI-3)|PI-3]]
| |
| − | **Causes [Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Respiratory syncytial virus|respiratory infection]]
| |
| − | **Replicates in nasal epithelium -> throughout upper respiratory tract -> bronchial tree
| |
| − | **Syncytia form -> shed into bronchioles
| |
| − | **Complications include [[Lungs Ventilation - Pathology#Emphysema|emphysema]] and [[Lungs Circulatory - Pathology#Pulmonary oedema|oedema]], drop in milk yield in adult cattle
| |
| − | *'''Epidemiology''':
| |
| − | **Subclinical reinfections are important in spreading disease
| |
| − | **More than 70% of cattle in the UK have antibodies to BRSV
| |
| − | *'''Diagnosis''' is same as for [[Paramyxoviridae#Parainfluenza -3 (PI-3)|PI-3]]
| |
| − | *'''Control'''
| |
| − | **Improve husbansry as in [[Paramyxoviridae#Parainfluenza -3 (PI-3)|PI-3]]
| |
| − | **Vaccines are available but not effective as need to stimulate [[Lymphocytes - WikiBlood#Cytotoxic CD8+|cytotoxic T-cells]]
| |
| − | *<small>'''Reference''': Bryson, 1999, Update on calf pneumonia, CPD Veterinary Medicine, 1,3, 90-95</small>
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Equine==
| |
| − | ===Hendra Virus===
| |
| − | *Equine Paramyxovirus
| |
| − | *Causes [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Hendra virus|respiratory infections]] with respiratory distress and paralysis
| |
| − | *Potentially zoonotic (beware palpating inside the throat for obstruction)
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Porcine==
| |
| − | ===Nipah Virus===
| |
| − | *Infects pigs and humans
| |
| − | *Humans exposed to pig blood are at risk
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Reptiles==
| |
| − | ===Reptilian Paramyxoviruses===
| |
| − | *Infect central nervous system and lungs
| |
| − | *Kill particularly '''snakes'''
| |
| − | *Healthy reptiles may be carriers
| |
| − | *Testing by serology - '''HI test'''
| |
| − | *Aim to keep virus free collection and prevent spread back into the wild
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Rodentia==
| |
| − | ===Murine Parainfluenza - 1 (Sendai virus)===
| |
| − | *Endemic in many '''mouse''' colonies
| |
| − | *Most mice show no symptoms due to maternal antibodies
| |
| − | *But minor respiratory lesions may invalidate carcinogenic or toxicological studies
| |
| − | *Immunological studies also confused due to virus activating [[Lymphocytes - WikiBlood#Natural Killer (NK) Cells|NK cells]] via high circulating [[Innate Immune System - WikiBlood#Interferons|IF]] 3-4 days post-infection
| |
| − | *Control achieved by:
| |
| − | **Purchasing specific pathogen free (SPF) mice
| |
| − | **Kill whole colony in an outbreak -> disinfection -> formalin fumigation
| |
| − | | |
| − | =Other resources=
| |
| − | *[http://www.pitt.edu/~super1/lecture/lec3401/index.htm On line Paramyxoviridae lecture by P. Russell]
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | <big><center>[[Viruses|'''BACK TO VIRUSES''']]</center></big>
| |