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Redirected page to Category:Paramyxoviridae
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#REDIRECT[[:Category:Paramyxoviridae]]
 
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{{toplink
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|linkpage =Viruses
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|linktext =VIRUSES
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|pagetype=Bugs
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}}
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<br>
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=Introduction=
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=Morphology=
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*Single-stranded negative-sense unsegmented RNA virus
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*Reassortment and antigenic shift cannot occur
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*Spike proteins include
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**'''HN''' (Haemagglutinin and Neuraminidase)
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**'''F''' (Fusion glycoprotein), which allows the virus to fuse directly to the plasma membrane and release its RNA
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***F also causes syncitium to form, which aids diagnosis
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***Host antibody response to the F protein is the basis for vaccination
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=Virulence=
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*Paramyxoviruses replicate in the epithelium of the upper respiratory tract as well as occasionally in the gut
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**Sites of spike protein cleavage
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*Virulence varies by virus, see below
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=Types and Subtypes=
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Paramoyxoviridae was reclassified in 2000 to include 2 subfamilies and 5 genera:
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*''Paramoyxovirinae'':
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**[[Paramyxoviridae#Bovine Parainfluenza - 3 (PI-3)| Bovine Parainfluenza 3]]
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**[[Paramyxoviridae#Canine Parainfluenza - 2|Canine Parainfluenza 2]]
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**[[Paramyxoviridae#Murine Parainfluenza - 1 (Sendai virus)|Murine Parainfluenza 1 (Sendai virus)]]
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**[[Paramyxoviridae#Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV)|Newcastle Disease (NDV)]] - avian paramyxovirus serotype 1
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**Avian Paramyxoviruses serotypes 2-9
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**[[Paramyxoviridae#Reptilian Paramyxoviruses|Reptilian Paramyxoviruses]]
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**Mumps
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**''Morbilliviruses''
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***[[Paramyxoviridae#Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)|Canine Distemper (CDV)]]
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***Rinderpest
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***Pest de petit ruminant (PPR)
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***Measels
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***Seal virus - phocine distemper
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***Dolphin Morbillivirus
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***[[Paramyxoviridae#Hendra Virus|Hendra virus]]
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***[[Paramyxoviridae#Nipah Virus|Nipah virus]]
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*''Pneumovirinae''
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**[[Paramyxoviridae#Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV)|Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV)]]
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**Turkey Rhinotracheitis Virus
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=Antigenic Variation=
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*Antigenic conservation allows some cross protection by vaccination:
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**Conservation of major virus-specific F/HN antigens means vaccines protect against '''all isolates''' of the same virus
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**Minor morbillivirus-specific epitopes on F allows some cross protection between '''canine distemper, measles, and rinderpest'''
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*Antigenic "fingerprinting" is possible for some viruses based on minor variable epitopes of HN, F and NP on specific isolates as detected by monoclonal antibodies
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**These are detected by immunostaining infected cells
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=Paramyxoviridae by Species=
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==Avian==
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===[[Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV)]]===
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==Canine==
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===[[Canine Parainfluenza - 2 (aka Parainfluenza - 5)]]===
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===[[Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)]]===
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==Bovine==
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===[[Bovine Parainfluenza - 3 (PI-3)]]===
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===Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV)===
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*'''Pathogenesis''':
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**More serious than [[Paramyxoviridae#Parainfluenza -3 (PI-3)|PI-3]]
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**Causes [Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Respiratory syncytial virus|respiratory infection]]
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**Replicates in nasal epithelium -> throughout upper respiratory tract -> bronchial tree
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**Syncytia form -> shed into bronchioles
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**Complications include [[Lungs Ventilation - Pathology#Emphysema|emphysema]] and [[Lungs Circulatory - Pathology#Pulmonary oedema|oedema]], drop in milk yield in adult cattle
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*'''Epidemiology''':
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**Subclinical reinfections are important in spreading disease
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**More than 70% of cattle in the UK have antibodies to BRSV
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*'''Diagnosis''' is same as for [[Paramyxoviridae#Parainfluenza -3 (PI-3)|PI-3]]
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*'''Control'''
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**Improve husbansry as in [[Paramyxoviridae#Parainfluenza -3 (PI-3)|PI-3]]
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**Vaccines are available but not effective as need to stimulate [[Lymphocytes - WikiBlood#Cytotoxic CD8+|cytotoxic T-cells]]
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*<small>'''Reference''': Bryson, 1999, Update on calf pneumonia, CPD Veterinary Medicine, 1,3, 90-95</small>
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==Equine==
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===Hendra Virus===
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*Equine Paramyxovirus
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*Causes [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Hendra virus|respiratory infections]] with respiratory distress and paralysis
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*Potentially zoonotic (beware palpating inside the throat for obstruction)
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==Porcine==
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===Nipah Virus===
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*Infects pigs and humans
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*Humans exposed to pig blood are at risk
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==Reptiles==
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===Reptilian Paramyxoviruses===
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*Infect central nervous system and lungs
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*Kill particularly '''snakes'''
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*Healthy reptiles may be carriers
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*Testing by serology - '''HI test'''
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*Aim to keep virus free collection and prevent spread back into the wild
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==Rodentia==
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===Murine Parainfluenza - 1 (Sendai virus)===
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*Endemic in many '''mouse''' colonies
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*Most mice show no symptoms due to maternal antibodies
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*But minor respiratory lesions may invalidate carcinogenic or toxicological studies
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*Immunological studies also confused due to virus activating [[Lymphocytes - WikiBlood#Natural Killer (NK) Cells|NK cells]] via high circulating [[Innate Immune System - WikiBlood#Interferons|IF]] 3-4 days post-infection
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*Control achieved by:
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**Purchasing specific pathogen free (SPF) mice
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**Kill whole colony in an outbreak -> disinfection -> formalin fumigation
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=Other resources=
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*[http://www.pitt.edu/~super1/lecture/lec3401/index.htm On line Paramyxoviridae lecture by P. Russell]
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