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*Cause abscess formation and septicaemia
*Cause abscess formation and septicaemia
*Cause mastitis, metritis, polyarthritis, meningitis
*Cause mastitis, metritis, polyarthritis, meningitis
*Primary or secondary infections following viral infection
*Neonatal septicaemia related to maternal genital tract infection
*Often commensals on mucous membranes of upper respiratory and lower urogenital tract
*Often commensals on mucous membranes of upper respiratory and lower urogenital tract
*Opportunistic infections
*Opportunistic infections
===Clinical infections===
===[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|strangles]]===
*Primary or secondary infections following viral infection
*Epidemiology
*Neonatal septicaemia related to maternal genital tract infection
**[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|strangles]] is a highly infectious disease of horses caused by ''Streptococcus equi'' subsp. ''equi''
*Strangles
**Upper respiratory tract disease with fever and abscessation of regional lymph nodes
**Upper respiratory tract disease with fever and abscessation of regional lymph nodes
**Outbreaks in groups of young horses
**Outbreaks in groups of young horses
**
**Transmitted via purulent exudate discharging from upper respiratory tract or from lymph nodes
**Chronic, carrier state can occur with bacteria im the guttural pouch
**A mild, atypical form can occur
**''S. equi'' shed for 4 weeks beyond clinical resolution
*Clinical signs
**Incubation period 3 to 6 days
**Fever, depression, anorexia
**Purulent nasal discharge
**Swollen, painful regional lymph nodes, especially submandibular
**Abscessation and rupture of lymph nodes
**Guttural pouch empyema
**100% morbidity; 5% mortality
**Death can occur from pneumonia, breathing difficulties from swollen lymph nodes or purpura haemorrhagica (an immune-mediated disease)
**Bastard strangle may occasionally occur, with abscessaation in many organs of the body
*Diagnosis
**Clinical signs and history
**Mucoid colonies with beta-haemolysis
**Sugar fermentation allows differentiation of ''S. equi'' from ''S. zooepidemicus'' and ''S. equisimilis''
**PCR to detect asymptomatic carriers
*Treatment and control
**Penicillin administration to in-contact animals
**Isolation of affected animals
**Quaranteen in-coming animals
**Avoid overcrowding and mixing different age groups
**Disinfection of equipment
===''Streptococcus suis''===