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{{toplink
 
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|linkpage =Immunoglobulins - WikiBlood
 
|linkpage =Immunoglobulins - WikiBlood
 
|linktext =IMMUNOGLOBULINS
 
|linktext =IMMUNOGLOBULINS
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|pagetype =Blood
 
|pagetype =Blood
 
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===Immunoglobulins Structure and Function===
==<font color="purple">Immunoglobulins Structure and Function</font>==
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<FlashCard questions="8">
{| border="3" cellpadding="8"
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|q1=What are immunoglobulins also known as?
!width="400"|'''Question'''
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|a1=Antibodies
!width="400"|'''Answer'''
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|l1=Immunoglobulins - WikiBlood#Introduction
!width="150"|'''Article'''
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|q2=How many domains does the heavy chain have?
|-
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|a2=
|<big>'''What are immunoglobulins also known as?'''
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*1 variable domain
||<font color="white"> <big>
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*3 or 4 constant domains
*'''''Antibodies'''''
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|l2=Immunoglobulins - WikiBlood#Structure
||[[Immunoglobulins - WikiBlood#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
|q3=How many domains does the light chain have?
|-
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|a3=
|<big>'''How many domains does the heavy chain have?'''
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*1 variable domain
||<font color="white"> <big>
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*1 constant domain
*'''''1 variable domain'''''
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|l3=Immunoglobulins - WikiBlood#Structure
*'''''3 or 4 constant domains'''''
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|q4=What are hypervariable domains?
||[[Immunoglobulins - WikiBlood#Structure|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|a4=
|-
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*Folded pockets of the variable domain into which antibody can bind
|<big>'''How many domains does the light chain have?'''
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*Different antibodies have different amino acid sequences within the three variable domains
||<font color="white"> <big>
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|l4=Immunoglobulins - WikiBlood#Structure
*'''''1 variable domain'''''
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|q5=What does Fab stand for and from which chain is it generated?
*'''''1 constant domain'''''
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|a5=
||[[Immunoglobulins - WikiBlood#Structure|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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*Fragment associated with antigen binding
|-
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*Light chain
|<big>'''What are hypervariable domains?'''
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|l5=Immunoglobulins - WikiBlood#Structure
||<font color="white"> <big>
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|q6=What does Fc stand for and from which chain is it generated?
*'''''Folded pockets of the variable domain into which antibody can bind'''''
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|a6=
*'''''Different antibodies have different amino acid sequences within the three variable domains'''''
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*Constant fragment
||[[Immunoglobulins - WikiBlood#Structure|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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*Heavy chain
|-
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|l6=Immunoglobulins - WikiBlood#Structure
|<big>'''What does Fab stand for and from which chain is it generated?'''
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|q7=What does the Fc fragment do?
||<font color="white"> <big>
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|a7=Mediates phagocytosis
*'''''Fragment associated with antigen binding'''''
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*Triggers inflammation
*'''''Light chain'''''
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*Targets Ig to certain tissues
||[[Immunoglobulins - WikiBlood#Structure|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|l7=Immunoglobulins - WikiBlood#Structure
|-
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|q8=What are the four major effects of antibodies?
|<big>'''What does Fc stand for and from which chain is it generated?'''
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|a8=
||<font color="white"> <big>
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*Blockage and agglutination
*'''''Constant fragment'''''
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*Promotion of phagocytosis
*'''''Heavy chain'''''
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*Degranulation of mast cells/eosinophils
||[[Immunoglobulins - WikiBlood#Structure|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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*Complement Fixation
|-
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|l8=Immunoglobulins - WikiBlood#Function
|<big>'''What does the Fc fragment do?'''
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</FlashCard>
||<font color="white"> <big>
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===Classes of Immunoglobulin===
*'''''Mediates phagocytosis'''''
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<FlashCard questions="14">
*'''''Triggers inflammation'''''
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|q1=How do the five classes of immunoglobulins vary from each other?
*'''''Targets Ig to certain tissues'''''
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|a1=They each have a different composition to their heavy chains
||[[Immunoglobulins - WikiBlood#Structure|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|l1=Immunoglobulins - WikiBlood#Classes
|-
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|q2=IgA is specially adapted for function at which type of surface?
|<big>'''What are the four major effects of antibodies?'''
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|a2=Mucosal surfaces
||<font color="white"> <big>
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|l2=Immunoglobulin A - WikiBlood
*'''''Blockage and agglutination'''''
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|q3=True or False: IgA is a monomer
*'''''Promotion of phagocytosis'''''
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|a3=
*'''''Degranulation of mast cells/eosinophils'''''
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*False
*'''''Complement Fixation'''''
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*IgA is a dimer
||[[Immunoglobulins - WikiBlood#Function|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|l3=Immunoglobulin A - WikiBlood#Structure
|}
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|q4=What are the functions of IgA?
<br>
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|a4=
<br>
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*Prevents agents from adhering to the epithelial surfaces as it binds to foreign antigen
==<font color="purple">Classes of Immunoglobulin</font>==
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*Resists proteolytic digestion so can function in the gut
{| border="3" cellpadding="8"
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*Does not activate the complement system so helps to preserve mucosal integrity
!width="400"|'''Question'''
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|l4=Immunoglobulin A - WikiBlood#Function
!width="400"|'''Answer'''
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|q5=In which species has IgD been identified?
!width="150"|'''Article'''
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|a5=
|-
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*Ruminants
|<big>'''How do the five classes of immunoglobulins vary from each other?'''
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*Pigs
||<font color="white"> <big>
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*Dogs
*'''''They each have a different composition to their heavy chains'''''
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*Rodents
||[[Immunoglobulins - WikiBlood#Classes|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|l5=Immunoglobulin D - WikiBlood#Function
|-
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|q6=What is the main function of IgD?
|<big>'''IgA is specially adapted for function at which type of surface?'''
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|a6=Helps B cell development
||<font color="white"> <big>
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|l6=Immunoglobulin D - WikiBlood#Function
*'''''Mucosal surfaces'''''
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|q7=True or False: IgE is not a soluble antibody?
||[[Immunoglobulin A - WikiBlood|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|a7=True
|-
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|l7=Immunoglobulin E - WikiBlood
|<big>'''True or False: IgA is a monomer'''
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|q8=What are the functions of IgE?
||<font color="white"> <big>
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|a8=
*'''''False'''''
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*Triggers acute inflammation by causing degranulation
*'''''IgA is a dimer'''''
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*Involved in type I hypersensitivity reactions
||[[Immunoglobulin A - WikiBlood#Structure|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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*Involved in producing immunity to parasitic worms and nematode parasites
|-
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|l8=Immunoglobulin E - WikiBlood#Function
|<big>'''What are the functions of IgA?'''
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|q9=True or False: IgG is the smallest antibody and can easily leave the plasma and enter tissue?
||<font color="white"> <big>
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|a9=True
*'''''Prevents agents from adhering to the epithelial surfaces as it binds to foreign antigen'''''
+
|l9=Immunoglobulin G - WikiBlood
*'''''Resists proteolytic digestion so can function in the gut'''''
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|q10=Where is IgG produced?
*'''''Does not activate the complement system so helps to preserve mucosal integrity'''''
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|a10=Bone marrow
||[[Immunoglobulin A - WikiBlood#Function|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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*Spleen
|-
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*Lymph nodes
|<big>'''In which species has IgD been identified?'''
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|l10=Immunoglobulin G - WikiBlood#Production
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
|q11=What is the function of IgG?
*'''''Ruminants'''''
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|a11=Activates the classical pathway of the complement cascade
*'''''Pigs'''''
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*Can act as targets for macrophages, eosinophils and neutrophils
*'''''Dogs'''''
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*Causes agglutination and opsonisation of bacteria
*'''''Rodents'''''
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|l11=Immunoglobulin G - WikiBlood#Function
||[[Immunoglobulin D - WikiBlood#Function|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
|q12=True or False: IgM is a monomer
|-
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|a12=
|<big>'''What is the main function of IgD?'''
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*True
||<font color="white"> <big>
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*But it is secreted as a pentamer
*'''''Helps B cell development'''''
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|l12=Immunoglobulin M - WikiBlood#Structure
||[[Immunoglobulin D - WikiBlood#Function|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
|q13=IgM is five times larger than most other antibodies. What effect does this have on its function?
|-
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|a13=
|<big>'''True or False: IgE is not a soluble antibody?'''
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*Cannot cross the placenta
||<font color="white"> <big>
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*Does not diffuse quickly or enter tissues readily
*'''''True'''''
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*Its concentration in extracellular fluid and lymph is low
||[[Immunoglobulin E - WikiBlood|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|l13=Immunoglobulin M - WikiBlood#Production
|-
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|q14=What are the main functions of IgM?
|<big>'''What are the functions of IgE?'''
+
|a14=
||<font color="white"> <big>
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*Complement activation
*'''''Triggers acute inflammation by causing degranulation'''''
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*Agglutination
*'''''Involved in type I hypersensitivity reactions'''''
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*Opsonisation
*'''''Involved in producing immunity to parasitic worms and nematode parasites'''''
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*Virus neutralisation
||[[Immunoglobulin E - WikiBlood#Function|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|l14=Immunoglobulin M - WikiBlood#Function
|-
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</FlashCard>
|<big>'''True or False: IgG is the smallest antibody and can easily leave the plasma and enter tissue?'''
+
===Immunoglobulins Variation===
||<font color="white"> <big>
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<FlashCard questions="6">
*'''''True'''''
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|q1=Which genes code for the immunoglobulin subtypes and on which chain are they located?
||[[Immunoglobulin G - WikiBlood|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|a1=
|-
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*IGH genes
|<big>'''Where is IgG produced?'''
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*Heavy chain
||<font color="white"> <big>
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|l1=Immunoglobulins - WikiBlood#Variation
*'''''Bone marrow'''''
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|q2=Complete the sentences about IgG subtypes:
*'''''Spleen'''''
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<p>Humans and rodents have ??? IgG subtypes. Dogs have ??? IgG subtypes. Ruminats have ??? IgG subtypes.</p>
*'''''Lymph nodes'''''
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|a2=
||[[Immunoglobulin G - WikiBlood#Production|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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*four
|-
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*three
|<big>'''What is the function of IgG?'''
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*three or four
||<font color="white"> <big>
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|l2=Immunoglobulins - WikiBlood#Variation
*'''''Activates the classical pathway of the complement cascade'''''
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|q3=What are allotypes?
*'''''Can act as targets for macrophages, eosinophils and neutrophils'''''
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|a3=
*'''''Causes agglutination and opsonisation of bacteria'''''
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*Differences in immunoglobulins between individuals of a particular species
||[[Immunoglobulin G - WikiBlood#Function|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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*Allotypes are inheritable
|-
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|l3=Immunoglobulins - WikiBlood#Allo & Idiotypes
|<big>'''True or False: IgM is a monomer'''
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|q4=What are idiotypes?
||<font color="white"> <big>
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|a4=Variations in the sequences of amino acids in the variable regions of the light and heavy chains
*'''''True'''''
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|l4=Immunoglobulins - WikiBlood#Allo & Idiotypes
*'''''But it is secreted as a pentamer'''''
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|q5=What is immunoglobulin heavy chain switching?
||[[Immunoglobulin M - WikiBlood#Structure|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|a5=
|-
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*After antigenic exposure the IgM+ B-cells differentiate
|<big>'''IgM is five times larger than most other antibodies. What effect does this have on its function?'''
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*Only after direct influence of T cells
||<font color="white"> <big>
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*Other classes of immunoglobluins are synthesised
*'''''Cannot cross the placenta'''''
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*The same varibale domains are kept
*'''''Does not diffuse quickly or enter tissues readily'''''
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|l5=Immunoglobulins - WikiBlood#Immunoglobulin Class Switching
*'''''Its concentration in extracellular fluid and lymph is low'''''
+
|q6=How do different classes of antibody differ from each other?
||[[Immunoglobulin M - WikiBlood#Production|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
|a6=
|-
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*Size
|<big>'''What are the main functions of IgM?'''
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*Charge
||<font color="white"> <big>
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*Amino acid composition
*'''''Complement activation'''''
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*Associated carbohydrate
*'''''Agglutination'''''
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*Function
*'''''Opsonisation'''''
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|l6=Immunoglobulins - WikiBlood#Immunoglobulin Class Switching
*'''''Virus neutralisation'''''
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</FlashCard>
||[[Immunoglobulin M - WikiBlood#Function|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
  −
|}
  −
<br>
  −
<br>
  −
 
  −
==<font color="purple">Immunoglobulins Variation</font>==
  −
{| border="3" cellpadding="8"
  −
!width="400"|'''Question'''
  −
!width="400"|'''Answer'''
  −
!width="150"|'''Article'''
  −
|-
  −
|<big>'''Which genes code for the immunoglobulin subtypes and on which chain are they located?'''
  −
||<font color="white"> <big>
  −
*'''''IGH genes'''''
  −
*'''''Heavy chain'''''
  −
||[[Immunoglobulins - WikiBlood#Variation|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
  −
|-
  −
|<big>'''Complete the sentences about IgG subtypes'''
  −
||<big>Humans and rodents have <font color="white">'''''four'''''</font> IgG subtypes. Dogs have <font color="white">'''''three'''''</font> IgG subtypes. Ruminats have <font color="white">'''''three or four'''''</font> IgG subtypes.
  −
||[[Immunoglobulins - WikiBlood#Variation|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
  −
|-
  −
|<big>'''What are allotypes?'''
  −
||<font color="white"> <big>
  −
*'''''Differences in immunoglobulins between individuals of a particular species'''''
  −
*'''''Allotypes are inheritable'''''
  −
||[[Immunoglobulins - WikiBlood#Allo & Idiotypes|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
  −
|-
  −
|<big>'''What are idiotypes?'''
  −
||<font color="white"> <big>
  −
*'''''Variations in the sequences of amino acids in the variable regions of the light and heavy chains'''''
  −
||[[Immunoglobulins - WikiBlood#Allo & Idiotypes|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
  −
|-
  −
|<big>'''What is immunoglobulin heavy chain switching?'''
  −
||<font color="white"> <big>
  −
*'''''After antigenic exposure the IgM+ B-cells differentiate'''''
  −
*'''''Only after direct influence of T cells'''''
  −
*'''''Other classes of immunoglobluins are synthesised'''''
  −
*'''''The same varibale domains are kept'''''
  −
||[[Immunoglobulins - WikiBlood#Immunoglobulin Class Switching|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
  −
|-
  −
|<big>'''How do different classes of antibody differ from each other?'''
  −
||<font color="white"> <big>
  −
*'''''Size'''''
  −
*'''''Charge'''''
  −
*'''''Amino acid composition'''''
  −
*'''''Associated carbohydrate'''''
  −
*'''''Function'''''
  −
||[[Immunoglobulins - WikiBlood#Immunoglobulin Class Switching|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
  −
|}
  −
<br>
  −
<br>
  −
<big><center>[[Immunoglobulins - WikiBlood|'''BACK TO THE IMMUNOGLOBULINS''']]</center></big>
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<big><center>[[Flash Cards - WikiBlood|'''BACK TO WIKIBLOOD FLASHCARDS''']]</center></big>