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Artificial Breeding - Donkey (view source)
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'''[[Oestrus Synchronization|Oestrus synchronization]]
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==Artificial insemination==
Jack semen has been preserved successfully since the 1950s (Nishikawa, 1959). A few studies have used fertility trials with frozen jack semen (Glatzel ''et al'', 1981). Techniques used for stallion semen are applicable to jack semen with some modifications (Glatzel ''et al'', 1981; Singhvi, 1990; Purdy, 2005b; Tibary ''et al'', 2006).
Motility is maintained in skim milk extenders at 5°C for 72 to 96 hours and fertility remains acceptable for 48 hours. Studies on the effect of seminal plasma on preservation at 5°C are contradictory. Some studies (''e.g.'' Mello ''et al'', 2000) show that the elimination of seminal plasma by centrifugation or by collection of the sperm-rich fraction does not improve the longevity of cooled semen; others find that the elimination of seminal plasma is beneficial. Survival of semen is 96 hours in INRA82 extender
after centrifugation in skim milk at 4°C. Preservation at 15°C causes less membrane damage than at 5°C (Serres ''et al'', 2002). The effect of seminal plasma may be dependent on breed and the individual (Mello ''et al'', 2000).
Lactose/egg yolk extender was reported to be better than Kenny’s extender in some studies for cooling to 5°C (Cottorello ''et al'', 2002). Cooling rates of -0.6°C/minutes and -1.0°C/minutes until 4 to 6°C are better than rates of -3°C/minutes (Ferreria and Henry, 1992; Santos ''et al'', 1994).
Artificial insemination every other day with 250 million spermatozoa resulted in a conception rate of 80% (Ferreria and Henry, 1992). Jack semen is frozen in the same manner as horse semen. The authors (Tibary, A., Sghiri, A. & Bakkoury, M.) obtained a 20% pregnancy rate in mares inseminated for mule production with 200 million spermatozoa (Glatzel ''et al'', 1981).
Improvements in the ability to freeze semen have been achieved by reducing the amount of glycerol, using only the sperm-rich fraction with the addition of L-glutamine at 80 mM and replacing hen egg yolk with quail egg yolk. Pregnancy rates obtained with semen frozen in these conditions (AI daily until ovulation, 600 million spermatozoa) improved from 0 to 38% after glycerol removal (Trimeche ''et al'', 1998; Tibary ''et a''l, 2006).
==References==
* Tibary, A., Sghiri, A. & Bakkoury, M. (2008) Reproduction In Svendsen, E.D., Duncan, J. and Hadrill, D. (2008) ''The Professional Handbook of the Donkey'', 4th edition, Whittet Books, Chapter 17
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[[Category:Donkey]]
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==Embryo transfer==
Embryo transfer techniques are similar to those used in the horse. Embryo recovery was low when collection was attempted six to seven days after ovulation (Vendramini ''et al'', 1997). The pregnancy rate following nonsurgical transfer is generally low at 20% and has been attributed to the release of PG F2α and luteolysis following manipulation of the cervix (Panzani ''et al'', 2006).
==References==
* Tibary, A., Sghiri, A. & Bakkoury, M. (2008) Reproduction In Svendsen, E.D., Duncan, J. and Hadrill, D. (2008) ''The Professional Handbook of the Donkey'', 4th edition, Whittet Books, Chapter 17
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[[Category:Donkey]]
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==References==
* Tibary, A., Sghiri, A. & Bakkoury, M. (2008) Reproduction In Svendsen, E.D., Duncan, J. and Hadrill, D. (2008) ''The Professional Handbook of the Donkey'', 4th edition, Whittet Books, Chapter 17
* Blanchard, T.L., Taylor, T.S., and Love, C.L. (1999). ‘Estrous cycle characteristics and response to estrus synchronization in mammoth asses (''Equus asinus americanus'')’. ''Theriogenology'' 52. pp 827-834.
* Cottorello, A.C.P., Amancio, R.C., Henry, M., and Borges, I. (2002). ‘Effect of storage temperature and extenders on “in vitro” activity of donkey spermatozoa’. ''Theriogenology'' 58. pp 325-328.
* Ferreira, M.F.L., Henry, M. (1992). ‘Effect of cooling rates and seminal extenders on sperm longevity and fertility in donkeys’. 12th ICAR, 1992, The Hague, Netherlands. pp 1406-1408.
* Glatzel, P., Kadir, E., and Tibary, A. (1981). ‘Pferde- und Eselhenge der marokkanischen Landespferde- un Maultierzucht. Erste Ergebnisse aus dem Einsatz von Flussig- un Gefriersamen fur die Maultierproduktion’. ''Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr'' 94. pp 445-448.
* Mello, S.L.V., Henry, M., Souza, M.A., and Oliveira, S.M.P. (2000). ‘Effect of split ejaculation and seminal extenders on longevity of donkey semen preserved at 5C’. ''Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinaria E Zootecnia ''52. pp 372-378.
* Nishikawa, Y. (1959). ‘Semen properties and artificial insemination in horses’. ''Studies on Reproduction in Horses''. Kyoto, Japan. p 208.
* Panzani, D., Rota, A., Vannozzi, I., Kindahl, H., Govoni, N. and Camillo, F. (2006). ‘Cervical catheterization is not responsible for the low pregnancy rate following transcervical embryo transfer in donkeys’. ''Animal Reproduction Science'' 94. pp 370-373.
* Purdy, S.R. (2005b). ‘Ultrasound examination of the female miniature donkey reproductive tract’. in: ''Veterinary Care of Donkeys''. N.S. Matthews and T.S. Taylor (eds). International Veterinary information Service, Ithaca NY (www.ivis.org), last updated: 11 May 2005; A2925.0505.
* Santos, G.F., Henry, M., Sampaio, I.B.M., and Gastal, E.L. (1994). ‘Effect of cooling system and rates on sperm quality of donkey semen preserved at 5ºC ’. Proceedings VIth International Symposium Equine Reproduction. pp 195-196.
* Serres, C., Rodrigues, A., Alvarez, A.L., Santiago, I., Gabriel, J., Gomez-Cuetara, C., and Mateos, E. (2002). ‘Effect of centrifugation and temperature on the motility and plasma membrane integrity of Zamorano-Leones donkey semen’. ''Theriogenology ''58. pp 329-332.
* Singhvi, N. (1990). ‘Studies on artificial insemination in equines’. ''Indian J Anim Reprd.'' 11. pp 99-104.
* Tibary, A., Sghiri, A., Bakkoury, M., and Anouassi, A. (2006). ‘Insémination artificielle’. ''Reproduction Equine Tome III: Biotechnologies Appliquées'', A.Tibary and M. Bakkoury (eds). Actes Editions, Morocco, 2006. pp 9-155.
* Trimeche, A., Renard, P., and Tainturier, D. (1998). ‘A procedure for Poitou jacakass sperm cryopreservation’. ''Theriogenology'' 50. pp 793-806.
* Vendramini, O.M., Bruyas, J.F., Fieni, F., Battut, I., and Tainturier, D. (1997). ‘Embryo transfer in Poitou donkeys, preliminary results’. ''Theriogenology'' 47. pp 4-9.
* Vendramini, O.K., Guintard, C., Moreau, J., and Tainturier, D. (1998). ‘Cervix conformation: a first anatomical approach in Baudet du Poitou jenny asses’. ''Animal Science'' 66. pp 741-744.
* Tibary, A., Sghiri, A. & Bakkoury, M. (2008) Reproduction In Svendsen, E.D., Duncan, J. and Hadrill, D. (2008) ''The Professional Handbook of the Donkey'', 4th edition, Whittet Books, Chapter 17
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