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'''Life Cycle'''
'''Life Cycle'''
*Transmitted by blood sucking [[Biting Flies#Psychodidae|sand flies]]
*Transmitted by blood sucking [[Psychodidae|sand flies]]
**''Phlebotomus'' spp. in the Old World
**''Phlebotomus'' spp. in the Old World
**''Lutzomyia'' spp. in the New World
**''Lutzomyia'' spp. in the New World
*The amastigote (morphological form) is found in vertebrate [[Macrophage|macrophages]]
*The amastigote (morphological form) is found in vertebrate [[Macrophage|macrophages]]
*Ingested by [[Biting Flies#Psychodidae|sand fly]] during feeding
*Ingested by [[Psychodidae|sand fly]] during feeding
**Transforms in [[Insecta|insect]] gut
**Transforms in [[Insecta|insect]] gut
*Multiplies and migrates to [[Insecta|insect]] proboscis
*Multiplies and migrates to [[Insecta|insect]] proboscis
**Inoculated during feeding
**Inoculated during feeding
**Can be transmitted percutaneously if [[Biting Flies#Psychodidae|sand fly]] crushed on skin
**Can be transmitted percutaneously if [[Psychodidae|sand fly]] crushed on skin
*Invades [[Macrophage|macrophages]] and reverts to amastigote
*Invades [[Macrophage|macrophages]] and reverts to amastigote
'''Epidemiology'''
'''Epidemiology'''
*Disease dependent on [[Biting Flies#Psychodidae|sand fly]] vectors
*Disease dependent on [[Psychodidae|sand fly]] vectors
**E.g. Common in dogs around the Mediterranean coast, foci around southern Europe and around Madrid
**E.g. Common in dogs around the Mediterranean coast, foci around southern Europe and around Madrid
*Mechanisms of transmission
*Mechanisms of transmission
**[[Biting Flies#Psychodidae|sand fly]] bite
**[[Psychodidae|sand fly]] bite
**Rarely through direct contact
**Rarely through direct contact
*Leishmaniasis in British dogs
*Leishmaniasis in British dogs
**Susceptible to infection if exposed whilst abroad in endemic areas as have no immunity
**Susceptible to infection if exposed whilst abroad in endemic areas as have no immunity
**No [[Biting Flies#Psychodidae|sand flies]] in Britain but dogs have become infected whilst in contact with infected imported animals
**No [[Psychodidae|sand flies]] in Britain but dogs have become infected whilst in contact with infected imported animals
'''Diagnosis'''
'''Diagnosis'''
**Does not cure infection
**Does not cure infection
*Prevent [[Biting Flies#Psychodidae|sand flies]] biting
*Prevent [[Psychodidae|sand flies]] biting
**Collars, sprays containing [[Ectoparasiticides|insecticide]] with repellent effect
**Collars, sprays containing [[Ectoparasiticides|insecticide]] with repellent effect
*Destruction of infected and stray dogs
*Destruction of infected and stray dogs
**[[Biting Flies#Psychodidae|Sand flies]] biting infected dogs may spread the disease to other dogs, humans and wildlife
**[[Psychodidae|Sand flies]] biting infected dogs may spread the disease to other dogs, humans and wildlife
**There is a slight possibility of transmission to humans by direct contact
**There is a slight possibility of transmission to humans by direct contact
***Multiply in the foregut and proboscis
***Multiply in the foregut and proboscis
***Transmitted via inoculation during feeding
***Transmitted via inoculation during feeding
***Transmitted by [[Biting Flies#Glossinidae|''Tsetse'' flies]]
***Transmitted by [[Glossinidae|''Tsetse'' flies]]
***Also known as '''anterior station development'''
***Also known as '''anterior station development'''
**'''Stercorarian'''
**'''Stercorarian'''
**Mechanical transmission
**Mechanical transmission
**Transferred by interrupted feeding from one host to another
**Transferred by interrupted feeding from one host to another
**Usually transmitted by [[Biting Flies|biting flies]], e.g. [[Biting Flies#Tabanidae|''Tabanidae'']] and [[Biting Flies#Stomoxys calcitrans|''Stomoxys'']]
**Usually transmitted by [[Biting Flies|biting flies]], e.g. [[Tabanidae|''Tabanidae'']] and [[Stomoxys calcitrans|''Stomoxys'']]
'''Recognition'''
'''Recognition'''
**Trypanosomes multiply first in the gut of the [[Biting Flies|fly]]
**Trypanosomes multiply first in the gut of the [[Biting Flies|fly]]
*Salivarian trypanosomes are transmitted by [[Biting Flies#Glossinidae|Tsetse flies]]
*Salivarian trypanosomes are transmitted by [[Glossinidae|Tsetse flies]]
**Trypanosomes pass forward to the salivary glands where they transform into the infective stage
**Trypanosomes pass forward to the salivary glands where they transform into the infective stage
**Inoculated with saliva when [[Biting Flies#Glossinidae|Tsetse fly]] next feeds on a host
**Inoculated with saliva when [[Glossinidae|Tsetse fly]] next feeds on a host
*Stercorarian trypanosomes are transmitted by triatomid bugs, [[Biting Flies#Tabanidae|tabanids]] and [[Biting Flies#Melophagus spp.|keds]]
*Stercorarian trypanosomes are transmitted by triatomid bugs, [[Tabanidae|tabanids]] and [[Biting Flies#Melophagus spp.|keds]]
**Trypanosomes pass back to the rectum
**Trypanosomes pass back to the rectum
**Next host is infected when skin wounds are contaminated with infected [[Insecta|insect]] faeces
**Next host is infected when skin wounds are contaminated with infected [[Insecta|insect]] faeces
**Transmitted by a triatomid (kissing) bug
**Transmitted by a triatomid (kissing) bug
**Chronic infections are often fatal causing heart failure
**Chronic infections are often fatal causing heart failure
**Non-pathogenic species are transmitted by [[Biting Flies#Tabanidae|tabanids]] and [[Biting Flies#Melophagus spp.|keds]]
**Non-pathogenic species are transmitted by [[Tabanidae|tabanids]] and [[Melophagus spp.|keds]]
***''T. theileria'' and ''T. melophagium''
***''T. theileria'' and ''T. melophagium''
'''Epidemiology'''
'''Epidemiology'''
*Vector distribution
*Vector distribution
**[[Biting Flies#Glossinidae|Tsetse flies]] found in riverine, savannah and forest habitats
**[[Glossinidae|Tsetse flies]] found in riverine, savannah and forest habitats
**Up to 20% [[Biting Flies|flies]] infected
**Up to 20% [[Biting Flies|flies]] infected
**[[Biting Flies|Flies]] infected for life
**[[Biting Flies|Flies]] infected for life
'''Control'''
'''Control'''
*[[Biting Flies#Glossinidae|Tsetse fly]] control
*[[Glossinidae|Tsetse fly]] control
**Spraying and trapping
**Spraying and trapping