234 bytes removed ,  15:24, 29 March 2010
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'''Life Cycle'''
 
'''Life Cycle'''
*Transmitted by blood sucking [[Biting Flies#Psychodidae|sand flies]]
+
*Transmitted by blood sucking [[Psychodidae|sand flies]]
 
**''Phlebotomus'' spp. in the Old World
 
**''Phlebotomus'' spp. in the Old World
 
**''Lutzomyia'' spp. in the New World
 
**''Lutzomyia'' spp. in the New World
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*The amastigote (morphological form) is found in vertebrate [[Macrophage|macrophages]]
 
*The amastigote (morphological form) is found in vertebrate [[Macrophage|macrophages]]
   −
*Ingested by [[Biting Flies#Psychodidae|sand fly]] during feeding
+
*Ingested by [[Psychodidae|sand fly]] during feeding
 
**Transforms in [[Insecta|insect]] gut
 
**Transforms in [[Insecta|insect]] gut
    
*Multiplies and migrates to [[Insecta|insect]] proboscis
 
*Multiplies and migrates to [[Insecta|insect]] proboscis
 
**Inoculated during feeding  
 
**Inoculated during feeding  
**Can be transmitted percutaneously if [[Biting Flies#Psychodidae|sand fly]] crushed on skin
+
**Can be transmitted percutaneously if [[Psychodidae|sand fly]] crushed on skin
    
*Invades [[Macrophage|macrophages]] and reverts to amastigote
 
*Invades [[Macrophage|macrophages]] and reverts to amastigote
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'''Epidemiology'''
 
'''Epidemiology'''
*Disease dependent on [[Biting Flies#Psychodidae|sand fly]] vectors
+
*Disease dependent on [[Psychodidae|sand fly]] vectors
 
**E.g. Common in dogs around the Mediterranean coast, foci around southern Europe and around Madrid
 
**E.g. Common in dogs around the Mediterranean coast, foci around southern Europe and around Madrid
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*Mechanisms of transmission
 
*Mechanisms of transmission
**[[Biting Flies#Psychodidae|sand fly]] bite
+
**[[Psychodidae|sand fly]] bite
 
**Rarely through direct contact
 
**Rarely through direct contact
    
*Leishmaniasis in British dogs
 
*Leishmaniasis in British dogs
 
**Susceptible to infection if exposed whilst abroad in endemic areas as have no immunity
 
**Susceptible to infection if exposed whilst abroad in endemic areas as have no immunity
**No [[Biting Flies#Psychodidae|sand flies]] in Britain but dogs have become infected whilst in contact with infected imported animals
+
**No [[Psychodidae|sand flies]] in Britain but dogs have become infected whilst in contact with infected imported animals
    
'''Diagnosis'''
 
'''Diagnosis'''
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**Does not cure infection
 
**Does not cure infection
   −
*Prevent [[Biting Flies#Psychodidae|sand flies]] biting
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*Prevent [[Psychodidae|sand flies]] biting
 
**Collars, sprays containing [[Ectoparasiticides|insecticide]] with repellent effect
 
**Collars, sprays containing [[Ectoparasiticides|insecticide]] with repellent effect
    
*Destruction of infected and stray dogs
 
*Destruction of infected and stray dogs
**[[Biting Flies#Psychodidae|Sand flies]] biting infected dogs may spread the disease to other dogs, humans and wildlife
+
**[[Psychodidae|Sand flies]] biting infected dogs may spread the disease to other dogs, humans and wildlife
 
**There is a slight possibility of transmission to humans by direct contact
 
**There is a slight possibility of transmission to humans by direct contact
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***Multiply in the foregut and proboscis
 
***Multiply in the foregut and proboscis
 
***Transmitted via inoculation during feeding  
 
***Transmitted via inoculation during feeding  
***Transmitted by [[Biting Flies#Glossinidae|''Tsetse'' flies]]
+
***Transmitted by [[Glossinidae|''Tsetse'' flies]]
 
***Also known as '''anterior station development'''
 
***Also known as '''anterior station development'''
 
**'''Stercorarian'''
 
**'''Stercorarian'''
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**Mechanical transmission
 
**Mechanical transmission
 
**Transferred by interrupted feeding from one host to another
 
**Transferred by interrupted feeding from one host to another
**Usually transmitted by [[Biting Flies|biting flies]], e.g. [[Biting Flies#Tabanidae|''Tabanidae'']] and [[Biting Flies#Stomoxys calcitrans|''Stomoxys'']]  
+
**Usually transmitted by [[Biting Flies|biting flies]], e.g. [[Tabanidae|''Tabanidae'']] and [[Stomoxys calcitrans|''Stomoxys'']]  
    
'''Recognition'''
 
'''Recognition'''
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**Trypanosomes multiply first in the gut of the [[Biting Flies|fly]]
 
**Trypanosomes multiply first in the gut of the [[Biting Flies|fly]]
   −
*Salivarian trypanosomes are transmitted by [[Biting Flies#Glossinidae|Tsetse flies]]
+
*Salivarian trypanosomes are transmitted by [[Glossinidae|Tsetse flies]]
 
**Trypanosomes pass forward to the salivary glands where they transform into the infective stage
 
**Trypanosomes pass forward to the salivary glands where they transform into the infective stage
**Inoculated with saliva when [[Biting Flies#Glossinidae|Tsetse fly]] next feeds on a host
+
**Inoculated with saliva when [[Glossinidae|Tsetse fly]] next feeds on a host
   −
*Stercorarian trypanosomes are transmitted by triatomid bugs, [[Biting Flies#Tabanidae|tabanids]] and [[Biting Flies#Melophagus spp.|keds]]
+
*Stercorarian trypanosomes are transmitted by triatomid bugs, [[Tabanidae|tabanids]] and [[Biting Flies#Melophagus spp.|keds]]
 
**Trypanosomes pass back to the rectum
 
**Trypanosomes pass back to the rectum
 
**Next host is infected when skin wounds are contaminated with infected [[Insecta|insect]] faeces
 
**Next host is infected when skin wounds are contaminated with infected [[Insecta|insect]] faeces
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**Transmitted by a triatomid (kissing) bug
 
**Transmitted by a triatomid (kissing) bug
 
**Chronic infections are often fatal causing heart failure
 
**Chronic infections are often fatal causing heart failure
**Non-pathogenic species are transmitted by [[Biting Flies#Tabanidae|tabanids]] and [[Biting Flies#Melophagus spp.|keds]]
+
**Non-pathogenic species are transmitted by [[Tabanidae|tabanids]] and [[Melophagus spp.|keds]]
 
***''T. theileria'' and ''T. melophagium''
 
***''T. theileria'' and ''T. melophagium''
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'''Epidemiology'''
 
'''Epidemiology'''
 
*Vector distribution
 
*Vector distribution
**[[Biting Flies#Glossinidae|Tsetse flies]] found in riverine, savannah and forest habitats
+
**[[Glossinidae|Tsetse flies]] found in riverine, savannah and forest habitats
 
**Up to 20% [[Biting Flies|flies]] infected
 
**Up to 20% [[Biting Flies|flies]] infected
 
**[[Biting Flies|Flies]] infected for life
 
**[[Biting Flies|Flies]] infected for life
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'''Control'''
 
'''Control'''
*[[Biting Flies#Glossinidae|Tsetse fly]] control
+
*[[Glossinidae|Tsetse fly]] control
 
**Spraying and trapping
 
**Spraying and trapping
  
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