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*Various predilection sites
*Various predilection sites
=== ''HABRONEMA and DRASCHIA'' SPECIES ===
==== General ====
*Spiruroids occurring in stomach:
**''Habronema microstoma'' - worldwide.
**''Draschia megastoma'' - tropical/sub-tropical climates.
==== Morphology ====
*1.0-2.5cm long, slender white worms, flat spiral twist to male tail.
==== Life-Cycle ====
*Indirect LC, muscid fly intermediate hosts.
*Adults under layer of mucous in stomach (''Habronema'') or in large nodule (''Draschia'').
*Elongated embryonated eggs (50-60µm) passed in faeces.
*L1 ingested by fly larvae - develop to L3 as fly matures.
*L3 deposited on horse's lips as fly feeds - swallowed - mature to adult worms.
*Prepatent period = 2months.
*Larvae → "cutaneous habronemosis" or "summer sores":
**larvae laid on skin wound → large granulomata
**seasonal incidence
**affected horses may be difficult to work.
==== Pathogenicity ====
*Adult worms:
**''Habronema'' - mild gastritis (no mucosal invasion)
**''Draschia'' - tumour-like nodules may impair pyloric function.
==== Control ====
*Regular anthelmintic treatment (adults - not required; larvae - ivermectin).
*Cover or turn over dung heaps (to prevent access of flies to breeding sites or kill by composting).
[[Category:Non-Bursate_Nematodes]]
[[Category:Non-Bursate_Nematodes]]