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| | *Opportunistic infections causing inflammatory responses and granulomatous reactions | | *Opportunistic infections causing inflammatory responses and granulomatous reactions |
| | *Animal pathogens include ''Actinomyces, Arcanobacterium, Actinobaculum, Nocardia'' and ''Dermatophilus'' | | *Animal pathogens include ''Actinomyces, Arcanobacterium, Actinobaculum, Nocardia'' and ''Dermatophilus'' |
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| | ===''Arcanobacterium, Actinomyces'' and ''Actinobaculum'' species=== | | ===''Arcanobacterium, Actinomyces'' and ''Actinobaculum'' species=== |
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| − | ===''Arcanobacterium pyogenes''===
| + | ''[[Arcanobacterium pyogenes]]'' |
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| − | *Characteristics:
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| − | **Formerly known as ''Actinomyces pyogenes'' and ''Corynebacterium pyogenes''
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| − | **Small facultatively anaerobic rod
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| − | **Grows slowly on blood agar to produce small, white colonies surrounded by a zone of beta-haemolysis after 48 hours
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| − | **Produces hazy haemolysis after 24 hours; pin-point colonies after 48 hours
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| − | **Coryneform morphology, like Chinese characters; may be curved with slightly swollen ends
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| − | **Found in nasopharyngeal mucosa and genital tract of cattle, sheep, pigs
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| − | *Pathogenicity''
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| − | **Opportunistic infections following injury or viral/mycoplasma infection in ruminants and pigs
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| − | **Extracellular toxins including haemolysin, proteases, DNase and neurominidase
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| − | **Haemolytic toxin, pyolysin, member of the thiol-activated cytolysins (pore-forming toxins); possibly cytotoxic to phagocytic cells; dermonecrotising activity
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| − | *Clinical infections:
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| − | **Suppurative infections
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| − | **Abscesses especially in liver
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| − | **Lymphadenitis, [[Bones Inflammatory - Pathology#Osteomyelitis|osteomyelitis]], peritonitis and neural abscessation
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| − | **Pyometra
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| − | **Endometritis
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| − | **Summer mastitis
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| − | **Ovine foot disease
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| − | **[[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Sheep|Arthritis]] of sheep post-dipping; [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Pigs|arthritis in pigs]] and [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Cattle|arthritis in cattle]]
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| − | **Umbilical infections
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| − | **[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Acute exudative pneumonia|Acute exudative pneumonia]] and contributes to [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of calves|Enzootic pneumonia of calves]]
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| − | **May cause [[Muscles Inflammatory - Pathology#Abscesses|myositis]]
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| − | **Unclassified ''Actinomyces'' species isolated from closed cases of [[Bursae and Tendons Inflammatory - Pathology#Poll Evil and Fistulous Withers|Poll Evil and Fistulous Withers]]
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| − | *Treatment:
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| − | **Penicillin or broad spectrum antibiotics
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