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Created page with '*Exotoxins cause local tissue necrosis and systemic effects which can be fatal - toxaemia *''C. chauvei'' and ''C. septicum'' present in muscle as latent spores which can germina…'
*Exotoxins cause local tissue necrosis and systemic effects which can be fatal - toxaemia
*''C. chauvei'' and ''C. septicum'' present in muscle as latent spores which can germinate to cause infection
*''C. novyi'' type B and ''C. haemolyticum'' have latent spores in the liver
*When inoculated into wounds, cause malignant oedema and gas gangrene
*Endospores persist in the soil
*Most ingested spores excreted in faeces, but some become dormant in tissues
*Tissue injury leads to reduced oxygen tensions allowing germination and replication of bacteria
*Exotoxins cause local necrosis
*Activated spores in the liver and muscles cause endogenous infections including blackleg, infectious necrotic hepatitis and bacillary haemoglobinuria
*Inoculation of wounds causes exogenous infections including malignant oedema and gas gangrene
===''[[Clostridium chauvei]]''===
===Clostridium septicum===
*Causes malignant oedema:
**Infection via wounds
**Cellutis with minimal gangrene and gas formation
**Tissue swelling die to oedema; coldness and discoloration of overlying skin
**Toxaemia with depression; death may be rapis if extensive lesions
*Causes braxy:
**Abomasitis of sheep
**Disease occurs during winter
**Rapidly fatal; anorexia, depression, fever
*Causes [[Necrosis - Pathology#Gas Gangrene|gas gangrene]] and [[Muscles Inflammatory - Pathology#Gas gangrene|myositis]]
===Clostridium novyi===
*Infectious necrotic hepatitis/black disease:
**Acute disease of sheep, occasionally cattle
**Hepatic necrosis caused by exotoxins of ''C. novyi'' type B in liver damaged by ''Fasciola hepatica''
**Rapid death
**Dark discoloration of skin caused by subcutaneous venous congestion
**Fluorescent antibody test diagnostic
* Causes [[Necrosis - Pathology#Gas Gangrene|gas gangrene]] and [[Muscles Inflammatory - Pathology#Gas gangrene|myositis]].
*May be involved in [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Systemic bacterial infections|cutaneous lesions]]
*Causes big head in rams - oedema of subcutaneous tissues of the head, neck and cranial thorax; necrotising lethal alpha toxin
===''Clostridium perfringens'' type A===
*[[Necrosis - Pathology#Gas Gangrene|Gas gangrene]] and [[Muscles Inflammatory - Pathology#Gas gangrene|myositis]]
**Extensive bacterial invasion of damaged muscle
**Gas production causing subcutaneous crepitus
**Similar manifestations as malignant oedema
===''Clostridium haemolyticum''===
*Causes bacillary haemoglobinuria in cattle, occasionally sheep
*Endogenous infection - endospores dormant in liver
*Fluke migration allows germination
*Beta toxin causes intravascular haemolysis and hepatic necrosis
*Haemoglobinuria due to destruction of red blood cells
===Clostridium sordelli===
*Causes [[Necrosis - Pathology#Gas Gangrene|gas gangrene]], [[Muscles Inflammatory - Pathology#Gas gangrene|myositis]] and abomasitis (lambs)
===Treatment of histotoxic infections===
*Early penicillin
*Vaccination with bacterin or toxoid at 3 months and booster after 3 weeks, then annually[[Category:Clostridium_species]]
*''C. chauvei'' and ''C. septicum'' present in muscle as latent spores which can germinate to cause infection
*''C. novyi'' type B and ''C. haemolyticum'' have latent spores in the liver
*When inoculated into wounds, cause malignant oedema and gas gangrene
*Endospores persist in the soil
*Most ingested spores excreted in faeces, but some become dormant in tissues
*Tissue injury leads to reduced oxygen tensions allowing germination and replication of bacteria
*Exotoxins cause local necrosis
*Activated spores in the liver and muscles cause endogenous infections including blackleg, infectious necrotic hepatitis and bacillary haemoglobinuria
*Inoculation of wounds causes exogenous infections including malignant oedema and gas gangrene
===''[[Clostridium chauvei]]''===
===Clostridium septicum===
*Causes malignant oedema:
**Infection via wounds
**Cellutis with minimal gangrene and gas formation
**Tissue swelling die to oedema; coldness and discoloration of overlying skin
**Toxaemia with depression; death may be rapis if extensive lesions
*Causes braxy:
**Abomasitis of sheep
**Disease occurs during winter
**Rapidly fatal; anorexia, depression, fever
*Causes [[Necrosis - Pathology#Gas Gangrene|gas gangrene]] and [[Muscles Inflammatory - Pathology#Gas gangrene|myositis]]
===Clostridium novyi===
*Infectious necrotic hepatitis/black disease:
**Acute disease of sheep, occasionally cattle
**Hepatic necrosis caused by exotoxins of ''C. novyi'' type B in liver damaged by ''Fasciola hepatica''
**Rapid death
**Dark discoloration of skin caused by subcutaneous venous congestion
**Fluorescent antibody test diagnostic
* Causes [[Necrosis - Pathology#Gas Gangrene|gas gangrene]] and [[Muscles Inflammatory - Pathology#Gas gangrene|myositis]].
*May be involved in [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Systemic bacterial infections|cutaneous lesions]]
*Causes big head in rams - oedema of subcutaneous tissues of the head, neck and cranial thorax; necrotising lethal alpha toxin
===''Clostridium perfringens'' type A===
*[[Necrosis - Pathology#Gas Gangrene|Gas gangrene]] and [[Muscles Inflammatory - Pathology#Gas gangrene|myositis]]
**Extensive bacterial invasion of damaged muscle
**Gas production causing subcutaneous crepitus
**Similar manifestations as malignant oedema
===''Clostridium haemolyticum''===
*Causes bacillary haemoglobinuria in cattle, occasionally sheep
*Endogenous infection - endospores dormant in liver
*Fluke migration allows germination
*Beta toxin causes intravascular haemolysis and hepatic necrosis
*Haemoglobinuria due to destruction of red blood cells
===Clostridium sordelli===
*Causes [[Necrosis - Pathology#Gas Gangrene|gas gangrene]], [[Muscles Inflammatory - Pathology#Gas gangrene|myositis]] and abomasitis (lambs)
===Treatment of histotoxic infections===
*Early penicillin
*Vaccination with bacterin or toxoid at 3 months and booster after 3 weeks, then annually[[Category:Clostridium_species]]