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*Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G. (2009) '''Small Animal Internal Medicine (Fourth Edition)''' ''Mosby Elsevier''.
*Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G. (2009) '''Small Animal Internal Medicine (Fourth Edition)''' ''Mosby Elsevier''.
*Ettinger, S.J. and Feldman, E. C. (2000) '''Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine Diseases of the Dog and Cat Volume 2''' (Fifth Edition) ''W.B. Saunders Company''.
*Ettinger, S.J. and Feldman, E. C. (2000) '''Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine Diseases of the Dog and Cat Volume 2''' (Fifth Edition) ''W.B. Saunders Company''.
==From Pathology==
===Clinical===
*non-specific neurological signs (attributed to the retention of ammonia and gamma aminobutyric acid in [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] failure and their effects on the brain)
**dullness
**apparent unawareness of surroundings
**pointless or compulsive movements
**mania
**generalised convulsions
NB: usually soon followed by death
===Microscopically===
*lesions in the brain vary in expression
**most species may show myelin degeneration consisting of vacuoles between the grey and white matter
**the horse may show very little visible neural changes, perhaps an increase in astrocytes
===Causes===
::[[Liver Developmental - Pathology#Portosystemic shunt|Portosystemic Shunting]]
::Chronic [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] damage
*due to ingestion of toxic compounds over a long period of time
*E.g. [[Liver Toxic - Pathology#ragwort|ragwort]] [[Category:Liver_-_General_Pathology]]