no edit summary
Line 91: Line 91:  
*Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G. (2009) '''Small Animal Internal Medicine (Fourth Edition)''' ''Mosby Elsevier''.
 
*Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G. (2009) '''Small Animal Internal Medicine (Fourth Edition)''' ''Mosby Elsevier''.
 
*Ettinger, S.J. and Feldman, E. C. (2000) '''Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine Diseases of the Dog and Cat Volume 2''' (Fifth Edition) ''W.B. Saunders Company''.
 
*Ettinger, S.J. and Feldman, E. C. (2000) '''Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine Diseases of the Dog and Cat Volume 2''' (Fifth Edition) ''W.B. Saunders Company''.
 +
 +
 +
==From Pathology==
 +
 +
===Clinical===
 +
*non-specific neurological signs (attributed to the retention of ammonia and gamma aminobutyric acid in [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] failure and their effects on the brain)
 +
**dullness
 +
**apparent unawareness of surroundings
 +
**pointless or compulsive movements
 +
**mania
 +
**generalised convulsions
 +
NB: usually soon followed by death
 +
===Microscopically===
 +
*lesions in the brain vary in expression
 +
**most species may show myelin degeneration consisting of vacuoles between the grey and white matter
 +
**the horse may show very little visible neural changes, perhaps an increase in astrocytes
 +
 +
===Causes===
 +
::[[Liver Developmental - Pathology#Portosystemic shunt|Portosystemic Shunting]]
 +
 +
 +
::Chronic [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] damage
 +
*due to ingestion of toxic compounds over a long period of time
 +
*E.g. [[Liver Toxic - Pathology#ragwort|ragwort]] [[Category:Liver_-_General_Pathology]]
Author, Donkey, Bureaucrats, Administrators
53,803

edits