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The first line of defence against parasitic infection are the effector mechanisms of the innate immune system:
The first line of defence against parasitic infection are the effector mechanisms of the innate immune system:
*'''Macrophages'''- important in the defence against extracellular parasites, macrophages are able to secrete cytokines as well as perform phagocytosis
*'''Macrophages'''- important in the defence against extracellular parasites, macrophages are able to secrete cytokines as well as perform phagocytosis
**Can act as 'killer cells' through antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, e.g. specific IgG/[[IgE]] enhances the ability of macrophages to kill schistosomules
**Can act as 'killer cells' through antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, e.g. specific [[IgG]]/[[IgE]] enhances the ability of macrophages to kill schistosomules
**The secretion of TNF-alpha:
**The secretion of TNF-alpha:
***Activates other macrophages
***Activates other macrophages
**Express Fc and complement receptors- can participate in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
**Express Fc and complement receptors- can participate in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
*'''Eosinophils'''- less phagocytic than [[[[Neutrophils|Neutrophils]] - WikiBlood|neutrophils]], but important in the destruction of larger parasites
*'''Eosinophils'''- less phagocytic than [[[[Neutrophils|Neutrophils]] - WikiBlood|neutrophils]], but important in the destruction of larger parasites
**Most activity is controlled by antigen-specific mechanisms, e.g. binding to worms coated with IgG/[[IgE]] increases degranulation
**Most activity is controlled by antigen-specific mechanisms, e.g. binding to worms coated with [[IgG]]/[[IgE]] increases degranulation
**The killing of some larvae is enhanced by the activity of mast cells, e.g. antigens released by S. mansoni cause [[IgE]]-dependent degranulation of mast cells, the products of which selectively attract eosinophils
**The killing of some larvae is enhanced by the activity of mast cells, e.g. antigens released by S. mansoni cause [[IgE]]-dependent degranulation of mast cells, the products of which selectively attract eosinophils
*'''Platelets'''- cytotoxic activity is increased by cytokines such as TNF-alpha and IFN-γ
*'''Platelets'''- cytotoxic activity is increased by cytokines such as TNF-alpha and IFN-γ