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| | {{dog}}{{cat}} | | {{dog}}{{cat}} |
| − | ==Hypertension== | + | ==[[Hypertension, Systemic]]== |
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| | + | ===Pulmonary Hypertension=== |
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| | '''Description:''' | | '''Description:''' |
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| | *Blood pressure in veterinary patients is not measured routinely; therefore hypertension is usually only diagnosed after clinical signs become apparent. | | *Blood pressure in veterinary patients is not measured routinely; therefore hypertension is usually only diagnosed after clinical signs become apparent. |
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| − | ===Systemic Hypertension===
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| − | *Primary systemic hypertension= idiopathic increase in arterial blood pressure
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| − | *Secondary systemic hypertension=increase in arterial blood pressure secondary to a pathological process
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| − | *The ocular system, cardiovascular system, and nervous system are the most vulnerable to elevated arterial blood pressures. However, some endocrine disturbances have also been found to predispose animals to hypertension.
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| − | ====Signalment====
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| − | '''Dogs''': male>female; obese animals; middle to old age
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| − | '''Cats''': middle to old age
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| − | ====Diagnosis====
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| − | =====History & Clinical Signs=====
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| − | *Signs are the result of ischemia, edema, and/or haemorrhage of the affected areas
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| − | =====Neurological Signs=====
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| − | -Depression
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| − | -Seizures
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| − | -Syncope
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| − | -Paresis
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| − | -Vestibular Signs
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| − | -Ataxia
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| − | =====Cardiac Signs=====
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| − | -Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
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| − | -Heart Failure
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| − | -Systolic Murmur
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| − | -Gallop rhythm
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| − | =====Ocular Signs=====
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| − | *In cats, ocular abnormalities from hypertension are usually the first thing detected.
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| − | -Blindness
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| − | =====Fundic Examination=====
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| − | -Hyphemia (Blood in the anterior chamber)
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| − | -Retinal Haemorrhage
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| − | -Retinal Detachment
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| − | -Retinal Degeneration
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| − | =====Renal Signs=====
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| − | *Renal disease can both be caused by hypertension and cause hypertension.
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| − | *Chronic renal failure is the most common cause of hypertension showing clinical signs in dogs and cats.
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| − | -Renal Disease (especially glomerular damage)
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| − | *Glomerular damage allows protein leakage, therefore animals with hypertension are more proteinuric than unaffected animals
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| − | =====Endocrine Signs=====
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| − | -Hyperthyroidism (cats)
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| − | -Hyperadrenocorticism, Diabetes Mellitus (dogs)
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| − | =====Physical Exam=====
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| − | '''Blood Pressure Measurement'''
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| − | *Systolic Pressure> 175 indicates hypertension in a relaxed dog or cat
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| − | *Diastolic Pressure> 100 indicates hypertension in a relaxed dog or cat
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| − | '''1. Direct Blood Pressure Measurement (Invasive)
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| − | *Uses an indwelling arterial catheter
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| − | -Measures systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures
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| − | -Used on very ill patients or those undergoing anaesthesia
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| − | '''2. Indirect Blood Pressure Measurement (Non-invasive)
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| − | *Two types that measure systolic arterial pressure
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| − | -Doppler Flow Technique: good for large dogs, poor for cats
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| − | -Oscillometric Technique: good for small dogs, good for cats
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| − | =====Treatment=====
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| − | '''Cats'''
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| − | *Treat the underlying problems
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| − | *Calcium Channel Blocker (e.g. amlodipine)
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| − | *Monitor Blood Pressure
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| − | '''Dogs'''
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| − | *Treat the underlying problems
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| − | *Monitor Blood Pressure
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| − | '''Dogs with Renal Disease:'''
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| − | *ACE-inhibitor (e.g. enalopril): Given alone or in combination with some of the other treatments listed below.
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| − | *Calcium Channel Blocker (e.g. amlodipine)
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| − | *Sodium Restricted Diet
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| − | *Beta Blockers (e.g. atenolol)
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| − | *Diuretics (e.g furosemide)
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| − | *Vasodilators (e.g. enalopril)
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| − | =====Prognosis=====
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| − | -Cats with hypertension are more successfully treated than dogs.
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| − | ===Pulmonary Hypertension===
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| | '''Description:''' | | '''Description:''' |